Legalizing Marijuana Help or Hindrance Essay - 1009 Words

There is no denying that there are problems with the marijuana laws currently in place in the United States. Left and right, there are people using marijuana with blatant disregard to the fact that it is, in fact, prohibited. The black market for marijuana is surging out of control. As a result of this, drug-related street crimes have become more prevalent, which, in turn, has increased the number of offenders in prison for those crimes. This is very costly to the United States government. Also, there are personal dangers involved with buying drugs on the black market. By legalizing marijuana, the government could help solve the problems caused by the laws that are currently in place. Several effects of marijuana prohibition have to do†¦show more content†¦Only the drug users would be forced to pay the extra taxes, but everyone in the country could reap the benefits. The deficit is a huge problem; another major problem that has arisen because marijuana is illegal is the increase in the number of drug-related street crimes. Since marijuana is so expensive, drug users often don’t have the means to pay for it. A large number of drug buyers come from low-income families, which only enforces that inability to afford the drugs they use. Also, an article on WebMD points out that although marijuana is not considered a physically addictive drug, it is psychologically addictive and often causes the same symptoms (â€Å"Marijuana Use†). Users’ rational thought is sometimes impaired by the intense need to fulfill their drug addictions. This leads to increased levels of violent crimes such as robbery, assault, even murder. Legalizing marijuana would allow the government to control the market, which would decrease the drug-related crime rates. It would also completely eradicate the number of marijuana-related crimes, such as trafficking and possession. Today, almost sixty thousand people are incarcerated for marijuana-related offenses at a time. The combined number of arrests for the most violent crimes (murder, manslaughter, rape, robbery) still does not exceed the number of people incarcerated for disobeying marijuana laws. At an expense of over twenty thousand dollars each per year, the yearly cost

Another Look Back, and a Look Ahead Free Essays

Imagine the impact technological innovations have had on society? How much did technology influence society a decade ago, and how much does it influence society now? Technology was created from humans to become a more efficient specie. Although technology has advanced society with respect to technology and efficiency, it has also created problems not previously seen because of the use of technology. Edward Tenner, a writer and technology consultant, wrote an article titled â€Å"Another Look Back, and a Look Ahead† published in 1996. We will write a custom essay sample on Another Look Back, and a Look Ahead or any similar topic only for you Order Now In his article Tenner argues, through the use of the rhetorical appeal ethos, compare and contrast, and cause and effect, that society is advancing at an alarming rate and suggests a â€Å"retreating from intensity† (Tenner 78) in order to allow society to slow its progression and accustom itself to new technology. Tenner uses his credibility as an exceptional writer to appeal to audiences and inform them about the subject in his article. Throughout the article, Tenner uses an extensive vocabulary and shows fluency in his writing. In the sentence, â€Å"The prognosis for revenge effects is hopeful†¦by replacing brute force with finesse† (Tenner 60), Tenner shows his expertise by using collegial writing skills and even introduces a term he created, â€Å"revenge effects†. He is well informed about what he is talking about and never leaves the reader guessing what he is trying to say. The fact that he was formerly employed as the science editor at the Princeton University Press makes him an even more credible source. When Tenner talks about â€Å"the defeat of the Spanish Armada in 1588† (Tenner 63), it demonstrates to the reader he is educated and increases ethos. By the end of the article, Tenner has effectively made his case for society to slow its technological progression. Aside from using ethos in his article, Tenner uses compare and contrast to show his audience how technology has changed over time. Tenner provides many examples to show how they compare and contrast from now and the past. He talks about the sinking of the Titanic becoming a signal event, â€Å"one that reveals an ominous and previously underestimated kind of danger† (Tenner 64). At the time the Titanic was the biggest technological innovation to start the twentieth century. Ship engineers have become more aware of the dangers the ocean presents ships. Although in comparison ships might be of the same size and provide the same transportation over waters, its comparison shows they have evolved. â€Å"The higher potential speed of steamships requires more rather than less care. The larger number of passengers and crew required more careful drills and inspection of equipment† (Tenner 65). The speed of ships has significantly changed over time as well as the technology of ship engines which allow for them to reach significant speeds. Through these advances one could argue it has created an efficiency of allowing people to travel much faster, however Tenner reminds them of the â€Å"revenge effects† these innovations create. Today much more safety regulations are used than in the past, this is due to the new dangers technology creates. Another example Tenner uses is the comparison and contrast of transportation over time. Humans created the automobile to become more efficient and make travel and transportation much faster throughout the world. â€Å"Nearly every passenger journey or freight shipment began and ended with a horse-drawn vehicle or a horse† (Tenner 67). Due to technological innovations and Henry Ford’s assembly line, motor vehicles were created not only to suit the rich but for all society to enjoy. Through this progression people were not limited to where they could travel and the time it took to get there. People could take regular jobs that were far from home rather than having to move to accommodate their needs. Roads and freeways soon followed with the increase of automobile use. â€Å"The greatest surprise of motoring was the speed at which traffic clogged the roads, including freeways and other limited-access highways built to relieve congestion† (Tenner 70). Tenner compares the use of transportation over time, demonstrating that although it has made transportation much faster, it has created â€Å"revenge effects† such as traffic and congestion, things that before the technological innovation were never seen. Examples such as these have led Tenner to advise society to fix problems that new technologies bring not by creating new technologies to solve the problem, but by slowing down and addressing the problem itself, not a quick fix. Comparing and contrasting the impact technology has had on society effectively illustrate Tenner’s main argument, but through the use of cause and effect the audience can relate and understand how Tenner formed his thesis. In the text Tenner provides many cause and effect examples. An example Tenner uses is the effects that are created because of industrial carbon dioxide emissions. Industries that create carbon dioxide allow for many benefits such as electricity and transportation, but they are also responsible for warming the earth’s temperatures, â€Å"global warming†. â€Å"The increasing cultivation of the earth would bring about higher temperatures and eventually a melting of the polar icecap† (Tenner 76). Another cause/effect example Tenner uses is â€Å"strict directives on meat radiation after the Chernobyl meltdown of 1986 destroyed the Lapp reindeer-meat economy† (Tenner 76). A catastrophic event in Chernobyl created a lasting effect on the economy. Tenner argues that these technologies have many lasting effects, known as â€Å"revenge effects†. From beginning to end, Tenner’s article urges the reader to draw back from such a rapid progression of technology. Tenner argues, through the use of the rhetorical appeal ethos, compare and contrast, and cause and effect, technological innovation instead of creating efficiency create â€Å"revenge effects† which create more problems for society. Tenner suggests that society recoil its progression of technology, not forever, but until accustomed to the use of new technologies. Tenner’s argument in the article opens many readers eyes as to the real problems they choose to ignore due to technological innovation. This issue is relevant and provides a subject that all people can identify with. Technologies are all around society and the impact it has is colossal. Whatever your side of the argument for technologies and society may be, the reality Tenner presents reveal a need to retreat from intensive technological progression. How to cite Another Look Back, and a Look Ahead, Papers

Human Resources in Organization

Question: Discuss about theHuman Resources in Organization. Answer: Introduction The assignment will focus towards the development process of a proper recruitment strategy of Apple. Apple Inc is an American multinational technology company with its headquarters in Cupertino, California, which designs as well as develops consumer electronic products and computer software, which generates different kinds of online services. Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak and Ronald Wayne founded this particular organization in the year 1976 (Apple 2016). When measured in terms of revenue it is one of the largest organizations and on the other hand, it is the second biggest company in manufacturing. There are certain assets present in the organization. One is the fixed assets and other one is current assets. Out of all the assets one of the major assets, which is present in different company, is the human resource management (Bohlander and Snell 2013). It is one of the difficult as well as challenging jobs for the managers to get the work done by the employees in the required manner. Recruitment strategies refer to the process of screening and selecting qualified people for a job. Management involves the use of the competencies as the standards towards addressing the candidates throughout the selection process of the interview section. Analysis of the Recruitment Strategy of Apple Apple maintains a healthy as well as proper recruitment strategy as compared with different multinational organization. Apple firmly believes in the three top areas, which includes recruitment, retention and rewards employees. Recruitment strategy includes low barrier to entry and no advanced degree or special certification is required. The recruitment strategy, which is selected by apple, is one of the unique strategies as compared with the other multinational companies. Defining the objectives of the company along with different kinds of organizational strategies will allow the employees to conclude the corporate requirements. Apple guides all the staff of the organization to be proactive (DeCenzo, Robbins and Verhulst 2013). There are certain organizational goals and objectives which majority of the company develops based on the requirements. In order to accomplish the overall aims and purposes Apple develops active recruitment strategies. However, Apple firmly believes in the dev elopment process of the pipeline recruitment strategy, which includes meeting people proactively and developing a database of qualified individuals (Dessler 2013). Apple believes in the process of retention of employees. It is one of the primary jobs of the human resources department to develop a high employee retention strategy. Apple believes in the process of building methodologies and tools for the people in order to deliver solution to the clients. With a view to develop a high retention strategies Apple continuously reinvest in individuals with a view to make them better employees. A balanced scorecard is one of the additional procedures, which will visualize the organization from four perspectives (Dessler 2013). The balance scorecard system includes the development process of metrics, which concentrates on collection of data and analyzes results relative to recruitment perspective. Learning and growth process is one of the key areas towards the development process of the proper recruiting strategies. All the employees need to perform a continuous process in the research and development part. Grow industry knowledge, personal development and value-supporting activities are the key strategies, which Apple follows in the employee retention process (Dowling, Festing and Engle 2013). Application of Theories Apple supports all the strategies and theories in order to motivate all the staff. If the employee gets motivated, it will allow the organization to be benefited in different ways. Some of the key reward system includes compensation policy, variable pay, value supporting activities and nontraditional benefits are some of the key activities in the reward system Apple follows in the overall recruitment system. One of the most important theories, which Apple follows in the organizational performance, is the application of the Maslows hierarchy of needs. There are four important factors, which include self-needs, esteemed needs, social needs, safety needs and physiological needs are the important factors which will evaluate this particular theory. Diversity in the work place is one of the key issues which majority of the multinational organization develops including Apple in the organizational activities and operations. The idea of diversity means many things. In the overall corporate structure, it often refers towards marinating a proper balance in the requirement of the organization. Apple maintains both on field as well as off filed recruitment strategies (Stone 2013). On field recruitment strategies includes hiring people from the practical filed and on the other hand, off field registered recruitment strategies includes hiring people based on publishing CV and other job profile (Stone 2013). The best way to fill empty slots is to keep them from being empty. Referrals are one of the earliest ways to identify different talents. The hiring departments of Apple need to able easily in order to adopt different kinds of circumstances and workloads (Prescott and Rothwell 2012). However, the recruitment strategy of Apple is to fol low different kinds of additional recruiting activities, which includes the following steps. Corporate structure, recruitment channels, competitive advantages, process of hiring, recruitment softwares, recruitment skills and social media are some of the key recruitment strategies, which majorities of the multinational organization follows in the daily business operations (Truss, Mankin and Kelliher 2012). Apple follows an eight-step hiring process in the overall organizational plans and procedures. The first step is to discuss the recruitment goals and strategies with the managers. The second phase is to determine the method of recruitment process, which includes the external recruitment process as well as internal hiring process, which is followed by participating in different kinds of brand buildings activities. Scheduling on campus interview and reviewing different types of resumes is the next steps, which Apple follows towards the development process if a high recruitment strategies (Werner, Schuler and Jackson 2012). The application of the recruitment method includes de veloping advertisement, internal recruitment strategies, and executive search firms and public employment agencies. Selecting the right people for the right job is one of the key objectives of the organization. If the right people are selected for the right job in the organization, it will bring positive impact in the organizational plans and procedures (Bohlander and Snell 2013). It will motivate all the employees in the proper manner and evaluate all the activities of the operations in the required manner (Stone 2013). It is one of the essential parts which majority of the managers follows in the organizational activities. The ultimate objective of Apple is to satisfy the basic needs of all the employees. If the needs of the employees are satisfied, it will bring certain positive impacts in the requirements of the organization (DeCenzo, Robbins and Verhulst 2013). On the other hand, Apple needs to maintain a diversified recruitment strategies which in different segments. Some of the key areas which of the business are product and development, marketing and sales, retail, customer support are some of the key sectors which Apple needs focus on. Discussing any particular point and relevant conditions in the market place and other external factors must be considered in the strategies of the organization (Dowling, Festing and Engle 2013). Plans are developed in order to plan the strategies of the organization in the required manner. Conclusion The concluding part of the study will analyze all the important factors, which will concentrate towards developing a proper recruitment strategy. Doing the best thing possible is one of the key objectives of this particular organization. Sometimes different organization irrespective of the nature of the business gives up, which is very hard to achieve. However, Apple does not give up anything in the business operations and all the employees give full efforts in order make it. Apple gives the opportunity to all the employees in order to share their ideas. Human Resource, Planning Decision, Strategic Recruitment decision and decision on recruitment source are some of the key activities, which Apple follows in the operations. Reference List Apple. (2016).Apple. [online] Available at: https://www.apple.com/ [Accessed 14 Aug. 2016]. Bohlander, G. and Snell, S. (2013).Principles of human resource management. Australia: South-Western/Cengage Learning. DeCenzo, D., Robbins, S. and Verhulst, S. (2013).Fundamentals of human resource management. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley Sons. Dessler, G. (2013).A framework for human resource management. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Pearson Prentice Hall. Dessler, G. (2013).Human resource management. Boston: Prentice Hall. Dowling, P., Festing, M. and Engle, A. (2013).International human resource management. Andover: Cengage Learning. Mondy, R. and Mondy, J. (2012).Human resource management. Boston: Prentice Hall. Prescott, R. and Rothwell, W. (2012).The encyclopedia of human resource management. Hoboken: John Wiley Sons. Stone, R.J., 2013.Managing human resources. John Wiley and Sons. Truss, C., Mankin, D. and Kelliher, C. (2012).Strategic human resource management. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Werner, S., Schuler, R. and Jackson, S. (2012).Human resource management. Australia: South-Western Cengage Learning.

Explaining Biases In Decision-Making Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Explaining Biases In Decision-Making. Answer: Critical examination of three concepts explaining bias Introduction Management and business demands managers to make decisions every day on a wide range of issues. Humans make decisions regularly and these decisions are influenced some or the other factor. These factors in addition are the results of the biases that affect the decision-making. Decision-making is a process that is continuous and has to be performed either with own choice or without. Maine, Soh and Dos Santos (2015), describe decision making as the right choice at the right time for achieving excellence in organizational management. According to Montibeller and Winterfeldt (2015), biases often hamper decision-making that further leads to failure of the organization. The author further points out different kinds of biases that include self-interest bias, social harmony bias, action-oriented bias and stability bias. The following essay, while introducing Herbert Simons quote, discusses three chief concepts that may help in explaining bias in decision-making. The essay elaborates Simons views on rational human choices and the influences of external forces on these choices. Explaining Simons quote The capacity of the human mind for formulating and solving complex problems is very small compared with the size of the problems whose solution is required for objectively rational behavior in the real worldor even for a reasonable approximation to such objective rationality (Simon, 1957). In the above quote, Herbert Simon speaks about the limited capability of human mind to make plans to solve complex problems. He states that the problems are bigger in size that the human mind capability to solve them. The solutions, states the author, are vital to humans as these define rational behavior or even for roughly acquiring the rationality to make decisions. The above quote is cited as the principle of bounded reality. According to the author, limited information restricts the rationality of individuals in decision-making. The limitations are not confined to information only, these go beyond cognition and time. He explains that if the principle turns out to be true then the objective of classical economic theory cannot be attained. The objective here is to predict a rational humans behavior without having to do practical research of his psyche. The consequences of this principle have also been described by the author. As the first consequence, the rational human would try to create a reality that involves simple models in which he acts and sustains. This simple model created by the rational man is not even approximately favorable to the model that real world has. In order to understand the rational humans behavior, says the author, one must comprehend the means that led to the creation of the simplified model. In this way, one can decipher the psychological traits of the human that pertain to his intellect, emotion and logical thinking. Foss and Weber (2016) argue that in the present form of transaction economics, bounded rationality principle takes a back seat giving way to opportunism. However, the authors also state that an augmented form of bounded reality does mitigate problems in transaction cost economy, while opportunism takes a back seat. In the second consequence of the bounded rationality principle, Simon explains that there has to be restrictions to human rationality otherwise; there would be no existence of administrative theory. Administrative theory rests in the fact that human rationality has practical limitations and these limitations are dynamic, depending upon the organizational setting where the individuals decisions occur. This paper explains the decision-making application on human minds rational behaviour which is used to formulate and solve any complex problems in the context of the real world. In explaining the concept of rationality by Simon, there is a need of examining rationality in terms of heuristics that are of four types. Availability, confirmation, bounded rationality and representativeness. It can be said that the theory of organization can never subsist without the rational choice of theory (Maitland Sammartino, 2015). It is best described to be intendedly rational which is based on two species that is entrepreneur and consumer. Heuristics are psychological decisions made by the individual to get solution of the most complicated problems. These factors help the individuals to make decisions faster but do not follow any regulations therefore have a lot of decision errors associated with the judgement conducted by the individuals. The rational behaviour relates to the decision making process based on the choices. These selections or choices are proved to be most beneficial for the individual though they do not always prove to be beneficial from monetary aspect. Simons research chiefly focus on the utility factor which can be emotional or other kind that assist people in their decisionmakingprocess. Simon has built his theories on these utility factors and described them in explaining common biases leading to judgmental error. Concepts explaining bias in decision-making Availability Heuristichas been a mentalshortcut which depends on immediate instances coming in the mind of the people while they evaluate some particular topics, concepts, methods as well as decision. In this context, the research states that the Availability Heuristicis heavily weighed by the people (Beach Lipshitz, 2017). For them, if something can be easily recalled, that it must be more important than the other alternative solutions because other solutions were not recalled at the time of necessity. It seems to the easiest way to form judgment for complex problems. These are basicallydone through percentage basis and probability basis. Due to this reason, these are not always accurate and lead to error in judgement. Therefore, it can be said that this kind of decision-making process is manipulative as people tend to use the readily available facts to found their beliefs hence completely biased. This concept illustrates that external manipulations anticipated to escalate the subj ective involvement of simplicity of remembrance are proved to affect the extent of recall (Shepherd, Williams Patzelt, 2015). In addition to this, these factors make the decision making process difficult to regulate the obtained approximations of likelihood or frequency. These are typicality based on the phenomenal experiences of people or on the biased samples of evoked information. The participants while making decision excessivelyrely on the various heuristics for aptitude and speed. Representative heuristic (RH) is important as it is very economical. At the time of decision making, there may be one of the two things identifiable in that case people definitely select the recognisable or known one. Here they utilize as well as reacha decision with the slightest amounts of information which they possess about the recognisable one. The research reveals that the recognized memory is perceptive, reliable and proved to be more accurate than the unknown one because even a smaller extent of recognition effects in more correct decisions (Montresor et al., 2015). In such cases, even a smaller amount of biasness can be present in judgement. Some people useadditional information simultaneously withusing their Representative Heuristics because they cannot rely only on the recognisable factors alone while making decision. According to Harrison, Mason and Smith (2015), Simons theorydefines Bounded rationality to create a way between the pre-established ends with the paths to reach the decided ways. It is explained as an assumption which points out the limits to the reasoning powers of the agents yet looks at the concept of judiciousness within the existing constraints (Toplak, West Stanovich, 2017). However, these have specifications in terms of value therefore, these are beyond the extent of science. The relation drawnby the factors of bounded reality between pre-established and desired goals, completely depends on theevaluation of the decision. This concept requires to point out all possible options, predicting of consequences followed by these possible options and finally measuring or evaluating all sets of options with consequences. From all these sets of alternative options including their consequences, one is selects in the decision making procedure. This concept has proved to be vital for any organisation, which requires proper acknowledgement of all the possible options. It also needs contemplation about the outcomes of the all alternative options and the valuation and measurement of the outcome of the consequences of each of the optionsbut in doing so it often makes biased decisions (Elbanna, Kapoutsis Mellahi, 2017). People often tend to make approximations which leads to fall towards the anchor parts whereas the real values tend to be far away from the primarily planted anchors. Through bounded rationality, it can overcome natural bias and ascribe to perfectly rational decisions. Conclusion Therefore, it can be concluded that the concept of rational behaviour gets biased by the human skills as well as limited knowledge. To achieve the essentialobjectives and decided goals, these conceptsby Simon are vital to be discussed. The notion of rational behaviour as associated biases described under the light of heuristics namely availability, representativeness and bounded awareness. These have been considered with the limitations of influences that are commonly external to human beings. The essay highlights these various concepts in the light of arguments from different scholars who have significant contributions to this domain. In addition, the essay presents a detailed discourse on the statement made by Herbert Simon on the principle of bounded rationality. He made a significant contribution to the world of decision-making by proposing this concept. The essay tries to establish a connection between heuristics and biases in decision-making by explaining Simons quote. A system atic approach has been maintained in the essay to explain the quote and the concepts related to it. Introduction The research conducted by Herbert Simon to delve into human cognition to dig out the possible reasons for biases in decision-making yielded fruitful results. However, it did not influence the community at large. He rejected the perfect rationality outright and invented a new principle of bounded rationality. His approach further accentuated the confines of the cognitive system, the transformation of practices due to proficiency, and the direct experimental study of cognitive processes included in decision-making (Matters, 2018). The report shall analyze the effectiveness of his principles and concepts by presenting scenarios of decision-making from the real world. Further, the report will examine the relevancy of Simons concepts of rationality by applying these to the given scenarios. In addition, it will analyze the methods used to recognize bias, the strategies to overcome these and improved decision-making in the future. The two scenarios chosen for the analysis include Volkswagen s disastrous decision to rig emission test and Motorolas negligence to trace market development. Scenarios of decision making from real world Launching a new product in the market could be a possible scenario where decision-making is crucial. It is vital for any company to carry out proper research and survey before launching a new product. The project managers role here becomes extremely important as he or she is the individual who has the responsibility to collect relevant information (York Danes, 2014). The manager has to take several critical decisions in order to ensure successful launch of the product. The launching of a new product involves complex processes beginning with marketing strategies. Development of a new product or technology involves decisions that are extremely unpredictable and demand ample strategic intercessions and productions (Sok O'Cass, 2015). Volkswagen, one of the largest car-selling companies in the world, decided to launch new cars providing low carbon emitting vehicles in 2015 for the American market Ferrell et al., (2016). The decision was made by the highermanagement without taking due consent or advice from the other team members. With a view to take over the US automobile market, the VW Company overlooked serious ethical issues. In 2015, it was found that the cars launched in the American market failed in emissions test. Reportedly, the automobile company illicitly installed a device that evaded emissions test required to meet the EPA standards. This massive breach of ethics cost the automotive giant heavily as it had to see the back of its former CEO Martin Winterkorn who was forced to resign, following the scandal (Reuters.com, 2018). The company was accused of following a culture of silence where the subordinates kept mum on the issue and allowed the top officials to make irrational decisions that led to the co mpanys inevitable downfall. Volkswagen rationalized its decision to rig emissions test by pointing out the extremely competitive market and the strategies to survive in it. The concept of bounded rationality helps explain this bias in decision-making by the VW officials. The company officials tried to rationalize their wrong decision by putting the blame on external factors like market competition and strategy for survival (Fortune.com, 2018). Another scenario that may explain bias in decision-making in the real world is that of Motorola, the cell phone manufacturing company. The company was high on profits with over 22% market share during the 2006-2007 periods (Albrecht, 2015). However, it failed to recognize the ongoing developments in the cell phone market and lagged behind in launching new brand of smart phones. By 2010, brands like Apple had already taken over the market leaving Motorola with no choice but sell its old phones at a low price. The decision to delay the launch resulted from the inability of themanagement team at Motorola to use information correctly. Recognizing bias Herbert Simon proposed the concept of satisficing, which is formed by combining the words satisfy and suffice to explain bias in decision-making. According to him, humans tend to look for options that are satisfactory enough to suffice their desire, without even trying to search through other viable options. In this way, they tend to make decisions that often yield unexpected and unwanted results. In technical terms, this concept refers to bounded awareness or bounded rationality. The concept is useful to explain the bias that occurred in the case of Volkswagen. The company had all the relevant information about the US market and its rules and regulations yet it decided to go ahead with the launch of low carbon emitting cars. The kind of bias that occurred in this decision-making scenario is anchoring bias. Montibeller and Winterfeldt (2015) define anchoring bias as fixation on initial information and inability to regulate for consequent information. Anchoring bias can be attributed to the concept of bounded rationality where individuals fail to notice valuable information. The case of Volkswagen can also be understood from the viewpoint of the availability concept. This explains that people take decisions based on the availability or ease of executing an idea (Taylor et al., 2017). Volkswagen targeted the US market, observing customers tendency to opt for vehicles that were affordable as well as environment friendly. They found it easier to lure the target market by claiming to produce cars with low carbon emissions. The decision to cheat emissions test by installing devices to evade EPA standards was a result of this availability heuristic. In case of Motorola, the bias that affected the decision-making process is the framing bias. Phillips et al., (2016) argues that framing bias in decisions occurs when individuals or companies fail to analyze developments in the market and make escalating commitments. Motorola made commitments to introduce advanced smart phones to meet the demands of the changing market dynamics but it was too late. Here, the concept of representativeness can be used to explain the bias. Representativeness refers to the choice made by people based on the similarities of behaviors or objects (Bordalo, Gennaioli Shleifer, 2017). However, they fail to realize that behaviors that represent something majorly do not always imply likelihood. The makers of Motorola mobile phones relied heavily on the customer behavior and thus paid the price. Methods by which bias may be measured or evaluated in the scenario Biases in decision-making occur frequently and none can evade or protect themselves from these biases. Aczel et al., (2015) present various methods to measure biases in decision-making. Precisely, the methods include individualized scores, constructing validity, motivation and comparability. In this case, the evaluation or measurement of bias is applied to two scenarios, one of Volkswagen and the other of Motorola. The Volkswagen case involved anchoring bias that prompted leaders to resort to unethical ways in order to attract profit. Individualized scores can be given to individuals at the company who were more susceptible to bias. Comparability refers to variations in vulnerability to bias in decision-making (Rezaei, 2015). The decision of employees at Volkswagen to stay silent on the issue despite knowing everything can be measured by this method. Decision-making biases at Motorola can be assessed by the method of constructing validity. People at Motorola suffered from framing bia s that can be measured by analyzing their behavior of neglecting ongoing developments by being over dependent on instincts (Morewedge et al, 2015). Strategies applied to overcome bias According to a report published in the Harvard Business Review, companies need to make five important steps to overcome bias. First is to comprehend the systematic errors that can occur while making decisions. Second, decide whether behavioral factors are the main causes of poor decisions. Third, identify the specific primary causes. Fourth, restructure the entire process to alleviate the biases and fifth, assess the solutions thoroughly (Hbr.org, 2018). Applying theses strategies can largely help organizations overcome biases while making decisions. Helfat and Peteraf (2015) are of the view that managers must possess the cognitive capacity to make decisions by sensing, seizing and reconfiguring the potential impact of change on organizations. A comprehensive study and research on the methods and strategies of decision-making can greatly help individuals overcome biases in decision-making in the future. This would in turn assist managers and leaders to make improved decisions that involve thorough analysis of all the factors of the surrounding. It is however important to mention that decisions will be biased no matter how careful individuals are while making those. It is because individuals do not possess the capability to be perfectly rational. It can be observed that the later decisions taken by the VW Company were the reflections of the outcomes of the previous decisions (Aurand et al., 2017). The culture of silence that was prevalent in the company and that nobody confessed about was brought to the fore by the new CEO, Matthias Mueller. Conclusion In view of the discussion above, it is imperative to state that Herbert Simons take on biases that affect decision-making process is concrete and can be applied to any situation. His rejection of perfect rationality was not accepted initially by many theorists, as they believed it to be unscientific. However, Simons bounded rationality principle did create ripples in the academic world concerning economics. The above report argues in favor of Simons concepts and principles while evaluating his statement on bounded rationality. In the report, focus has also been put on the three specific concepts namely availability, bounded awareness rationality and representativeness that explain bias in decision-making. Two real world scenarios Volkswagen diesel scandal and Motorolas product launch failure have been discussed to explain biases. Methods to measure bias have also been mentioned in the report. In addition, the report highlights the strategies that may help individuals overcome bias in future. References Aczel, B., Bago, B., Szollosi, A., Foldes, A., Lukacs, B. (2015). Measuring individual differences in decision biases: Methodological considerations.Frontiers in psychology,6, 1770. Albrecht, D. J. (2015). Product Standardization and Product Design Modularity: A Case Study of Motorola and the Mobile Handset Market.Browser Download This Paper. Aurand, T. W., Finley, W., Krishnan, V., Sullivan, U. Y., Bowen, J., Rackauskas, M., ... Willkomm, J. (2017). The VW Diesel Scandal: Engaging Students via Case Research, Analysis, Writing, and Presentation of Findings.Journal of Higher Education Theory and Practice,17(7), 10-21. Beach, L. R., Lipshitz, R. (2017). Why classical decision theory is an inappropriate standard for evaluating and aiding most human decision making.Decision Making in Aviation, 85. Bordalo, P., Gennaioli, N., Shleifer, A. (2017). Diagnostic expectations and credit cycles.The Journal of Finance. Elbanna, S., Kapoutsis, I., Mellahi, K. (2017). Creativity and propitiousness in strategic decision making: The role of positive politics and macro-economic uncertainty.Management Decision,55(10), 2218-2236. Ferrell, A., Ondracek, J., Saeed, M., Bertsch, A. (2016). Failed Decision-making at Volkswagen. InAnnual Eurasian Business Research Conference. Manila, Philippines. Foss, N. J., Weber, L. (2016). 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Sample Persuasive Essay on the Subject of Raising the Minimum Wage

Sample Persuasive Essay on the Subject of Raising the Minimum WageThe idea of an essay to support the case for raising the minimum wage has several points. However, if you are writing an essay you must always remember that you are writing an essay and you must always use your imagination and creativity.When Steven A. Abrout wrote his book, 'Raising the Minimum Wage, Why You Can't Count on the Government,' it is no wonder that he had to educate and motivate his readers to support the increase. For those who are interested in the subject, this book is well worth the time and effort. His book offers many useful insights, insights that we can all use in order to make our support for an increase.In the book, About begins with a preface and explanation of his background and the reasons that he believes that raising the minimum wage is a necessary thing to do. We then see examples of why we should not just think about this as a business issue, but rather as a moral and human issue. Abrout's written explanation in the preface and in the remainder of the book can be used to support his thesis and further motivate others to support this cause.The second section of the book is 'Why Raise the Minimum Wage?' The third section is 'Spurious Economic Argument,' and the fourth section is 'Argumentum in Taylor's Formula.' If you are interested in the supply and demand theory, then this is a great book to read. Anyone who is interested in knowing more about this subject, or is willing to use their imagination, can use this information.In the fifth section, 'Real Economic Value of the Disutility of Unemployment,' About explores the real value of unemployment to the economy. This section is of particular interest to anyone who has written a report, has an economist assigned to them or someone who is advocating a raise in the minimum wage. This section is interesting and valuable information to the reader. We must remember that when we are writing essays we are not just speaking to ourselves.The sixth section of the book is 'The Value of the Nonmonetary Benefits of an Increase in the Minimum Wage.' Using examples of real working Americans, Abrout offers support to his thesis that increases in the minimum wage will have a large effect on the economy, helping to sustain small businesses and perhaps the working poor.Lastly, the seventh section of the book is 'The Misuse of Economics by Proponents of a Minimum Wage Increase.' Using the results of a survey of the average person, Abrout finds that the average person can not understand economic data, even if it is presented in an appealing way. This information is not simple, but is an important component of the information required for an essay.

Why Cigarettes Should Be Banned essays

Why Cigarettes Should Be Banned essays Despite decades of the consumer warnings of unpleasant and early deaths, cigarettes have not been banned and made illegal. The cigarette industry has had numerous claims filed against it over health issues, the prices of the products,the ingredients used, and where the cigarettes are produced. The 1982 Surgeon General's Report stated, "Cigarette smoking is the major single cause of cancer mortality in the United States (American Cancer Society). According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention or CDC, 46.2 million US adults were current smokers in 2001 (American Cancer Society), after the better part of a century spent exposed to cigarette warnings and anti-smoking campaigns. In the state of New Jersey, it is illegal for anyone under 19 to buy tobacco products. Smoking in public, however, is not a crime, no matter how young the lighted-cigarette holder, as long as it does not take place in areas off-limits to smoking like restaurants, bars, and certain buildings (La Gorce). By establishing these off-limit areas, the state hopes to cut down the amount of smokers within workplaces and in other public places. By doing this, New Jersey is doing their best to cut down on smoking, and they also did so by increasing the age to nineteen. Even so, that does not mean cigarettes will not be sold to consumers. Bans on smoking in public and in workplaces can sharply reduce the number of heart attacks among both smokers and nonsmokers, according to a report issued by the Institute of Medicine. Some also disagree with raising the age like Michael Rispoli who wrote, Raising legal age to smoke is just absurd. The report provides support for the anti-smoking laws tha t are in effect in 21 states. and the District of Columbia plans on putting forth efforts to pass such laws elsewhere (Gorce). The effects of smoking hurt the younger generation who is exposed to it. An investigation was created to figure out how ni...

A Complete List of Oprahs Book Club Selections

A Complete List of Oprah's Book Club Selections Oprahs Book Club is a cultural force. Books that might otherwise be overlooked by the general public catapult onto the bestseller lists after being selected. The so-called Oprah Effect is estimated to have sold more than 60 million copies of the Book Clubs selections, and its made several authors into household names. It goes without saying that authors would cheerfully kill to have their books make the list, but dont bother submitting one for consideration. Oprah Winfrey is personally and solely in charge of selecting her Book Clubs books, and her decisions are reportedly based on what she likes and what has moved her. Her producers nonetheless receive literally hundreds upon hundreds of books and manuscripts every week as writers beg for consideration. Its said that she doesnt comb through them looking for one that strikes her fancy. Rather, she reads something and thinks, This is great and includes the work.   Oprahs Book Club has been credited with reviving a culture of literary discussion,  and it represents one of the most lasting legacies from the original Oprah Winfrey Show. The original book club took a hiatus for a period of time when The Oprah Winfrey Show went off the air, then it was revived as Oprahs Book Club 2.0 in 2012 and is now based on Winfreys OWN network. Oprahs Book Club Novels by Year of Selection 1996 The Book of Ruth by Jane HamiltonSong of Solomon by Toni MorrisonThe Deep End of the Ocean by Jacquelyn Mitchard 1997 The Meanest Thing to Say by Bill CosbyThe Treasure Hunt by Bill CosbyThe Best Way to Play by Bill CosbyEllen Foster by Kaye GibbonsA Virtuous Woman by Kaye GibbonsA Lesson Before Dying by Ernest GainesSongs in Ordinary Time by Mary McGarry MorrisThe Heart of a Woman by Maya AngelouThe Rapture of Canaan by Sheri ReynoldsStones from the River by Ursula HegiShes Come Undone by Wally Lamb 1998 Where the Heart Is by Billie LettsMidwives by Chris BohjalianWhat Looks Like Crazy on an Ordinary Day by Pearl CleageI Know This Much is True by Wally LambBreath, Eyes, Memory by Edwidge DanticatBlack and Blue by Anna QuindlenHere on Earth by Alice HoffmanParadise by Toni Morrison 1999 A Map of the World by Jane HamiltonVinegar Hill by A. Manette AnsayRiver, Cross My Heart by Breena ClarkeTara Road by Maeve BinchyMother of Pearl by Melinda HaynesWhite Oleander by Janet FitchThe Pilots Wife by Anita ShreveThe Reader by Bernhard SchlinkJewel by Bret Lott 2000 House of Sand and Fog by Andre Dubus IIIDrowning Ruth by Christina SchwarzOpen House by Elizabeth BergThe Poisonwood Bible by Barbara KingsolverWhile I Was Gone by Sue MillerThe Bluest Eyes by Toni MorrisonBack Roads by Tawni ODellDaughter of Fortune by Isabelle AllendeGap Creek by Robert Morgan 2001 A Fine Balance by Rohinton MistryThe Corrections by Jonathan FranzenCane River by Lalita TademyStolen Lives: Twenty Years in a Desert Jail by Malika OufkirIcy Sparks by Gwyn Hyman RubioWe Were The Mulvaneys by Joyce Carol Oates 2002 Sula by Toni MorrisonFall on Your Knees by Ann-Marie MacDonald 2003 East of Eden by John SteinbeckCry, The Beloved Country by Alan Paton 2004 One Hundred Years of Solitude by Gabriel Garcà ­a MrquezThe Heart is a Lonely Hunter by Carson McCullersAnna Karenina by Leo TolstoyThe Good Earth by Pearl S. Buck 2005 A Million Little Pieces by James FreyAs I Lay Dying by William FaulknerThe Sound and the Fury by William FaulknerA Light in August by William Faulkner 2006 Night by Elie Wiesel 2007 The Measure of a Man by Sidney PoitierThe Road by Cormac McCarthyMiddlesex by Jeffrey EugenidesLove in the Time of Cholera by Gabriel Garcà ­a MrquezThe Pillars of the Earth by Ken Follett 2008 A New Earth by Eckhart TolleThe Story of Edgar Sawtelle by David Wroblewski 2009 Say Youre One of Them by Uwem Akpan 2010 Freedom by Jonathan FranzenA Tale of Two Cities by Charles DickensGreat Expectations by Charles Dickens 2012 (Oprahs Book Club 2.0) Wild by Cheryl StrayedThe Twelve Tribes of Hattie by Ayana Mathis 2014 The Invention of Wings by Sue Monk Kidd (this selection was actually announced in 2013, but the book was not published until 2014). 2015 Ruby by Cynthia Bond 2016 The Underground Railroad by Colson WhiteheadLove Warrior by Glennon Doyle Melton   2017 Behold the Dreamers by Imbolo Mbue 2018 An American Marriage by Tayari JonesThe Sun Does Shine by Anthony Ray HintonBecoming by Michelle Obama