Dentistry :: essays research papers

I started this paper with specific thoughts in regards to the conveys procedure. Fluoride assists with forestalling carious sores. Not a ton of studies or data is out there on what I searched out to discover. That would be the connection between calcium phosphate and carious injuries. I know about the remineralization procedure of veneer, thus I chose my theme would suitably be that calcium phosphate can forestall carious sores by serving to remineralize the polish. It was hard to track down material to help this theme. While investigating, I went over various items that contain calcium phosphate and guarantee to what I might want it to do.      Carious injuries don’t simply create over night. It is a procedure and it requires some investment, somewhere in the range of a half year to two years. Dental caries is a unique procedure described by exchanging times of demineralization and remineralization (Harris and Garcia-Godoy 45). Veneer is made out of thickly stuffed hydroxyapatite precious stones. The hydroxyapatite gems are comprised of tricalcium phosphate. During demineralization this is what is lost. When enough of this mineral is lost, some portion of the tooth structure will crumple shaping a cavity. Remineralization is the point at which those particles lost are redeposited in a demineralized zone. Everything begins little. We have that superb procured pellicle which resembles fly paper for microscopic organisms. At the point when the microbes aggregates a plaque is currently present. The bacterial plaque will deliver acids, which can in the long run cause the veneer structure to crumple (Winston 1580).      Since calcium and phosphate are what is lost during demineralization, for the remineralization to happen we should supplant these minerals. Salivation normally contains calcium and phosphate (Winston 1580). Every individual can have an alternate salivary centralization of these minerals. It was discovered that men have a higher grouping of salivary calcium than ladies (Sewon 917). There are any number of variables that play connected at the hip with an elevated level of salivary calcium. High calcium substance of the salivation gives us a high pace of remineralization after introductory demineralization. It was noticed that the quantity of rotted, missing, or filled teeth was lower in patients with high salivary calcium (guys). A few downsides to having this much mineral substance in the spit are all the more seeping on testing. This is because of an expansion in plaque. It was additionally discovered that this calcium rich plaque solidifies quickly.

Claude GuldnerS free essay sample

Claude Guldner? S # 8220 ; The Emerging Family # 8221 ; Essay, Research Paper Claude Guldner # 8217 ; s paper The Emerging Family, gives a five star reappraisal of exercise one in the perusing selection of, Families in Canadian Society. All through the two substance of the readings I was shocked to perceive how they similarly supplemented each other, both talk about issues of the designed development of the family unit life musicality, each piece great as the customary family. With the comprehension I have picked up from my surveies, I will talk how Claude Guldner # 8217 ; s attempt gives comparable signifier, and means to that of exercise one. I will other than flexibly notice from the two signifiers of Hagiographas, so all vacillations of my surveies consent precisely with Claude # 8217 ; s attempt, and exercise one # 8217 ; s stuff. Through broadened enquiry, I have sorted out three back uping focuses from the two readings. Each point corresponds with each other ; they incorporate, What is family unit, Family frameworks hypothesis, and Developmental hypothesis. Every one of the three of these focuses all together give a precise and formal reappraisal of the stuff that will be broke down. In concluding my evaluation of the two beginnings, I will see that there is genuine basic comprehension between the two, and that they reflect each other essentially with their worry of the rising family, and it # 8217 ; s periods of designed development. The first of three focuses that I will present will be # 8220 ; What is Family # 8221 ; . There are numerous definitions with regards to what family is, some accept that children are the important elements for the utilization of the term family, and others just contrast. In the understanding decision, of The Emerging Family, they note how # 8220 ; current definitions get us off from the hypothetical record of the family unit that Eichler ( 1988 ) call # 8217 ; s # 8220 ; monstrous # 8221 ; . # 8221 ; The term monstrous intends to consider all to be as essentially the equivalent in forming, development and guide, to a # 8220 ; multidimensional # 8221 ; hypothetical record ( Eichler: 1988 ) . The multidimensional hypothetical record includes a few elements of familial connection. Each examines six of these measurements: procreative, socialization, sexual, private, monetary, and passionate. It is non fundamental for these measurements to be available, or these days at a similar quality, so as to illuminate a definition regarding the family. Through my reappraisal of exercise one I had the option to proceed onward the acknowledgment that there is more than one meaning of family unit. The class characterizes family through the multidimensional hypothetical record, and expresses the numerous reasonable signifiers families are known by ; they incorporate, Biological family: individuals who are connected, the Economic family unit: related individuals sharing a family, and the Psychological family unit: genuinely distinguished gathering. Different definitions incorporate the Census family/family, the Nuclear family unit, and the Extended or supra family unit ( Guldner ) . Between the two understanding beginnings, Claude Guldner # 8217 ; s attempt and the stuff in exercise one, obviously both hold numerous comparable belongingss as to just # 8220 ; what family is # 8221 ; . Through cautious investigation it is apparent that both the article and the stuff in exercise one segment practically identical actuality and ground, both note how the rising family is base on a multidimensional hypothetical record, and how there are a few measurements included. As great the two beginnings require that we move from an essentialist meaning of family unit, and spread out to a constructivist position ( Guldner ) , expecting that we take an interest in the structure of our universes and that our positions change with our experience. Constructivist accepting empowers us to make family units of pick. The second point that I am making a trip to introduce is # 8220 ; Family frameworks hypothesis # 8221 ; . The goal of this hypothesis is to flexibly us with a model for seeing how family units work at the six periods of the family unit life mood. Since family units are so various, and on the grounds that the individuals who study the family take such huge numbers of better places, there is no 1 hypothesis or model that suits everybody. With notice to the exposition, The rising family unit, we discover that frameworks hypothesis has empowered us to recognize that at one degree all families are in like manner. # 8220 ; They all have developments ( managed shapes through which individuals identify with each other ) ; maps ( the stairss family units take to bring through their purposes ) ; and tasks ( the specific exercises a family unit attempts in its # 8217 ; methodology of convey throughing maps ) # 8221 ; ( Guldner ) . Through these developments is the place each family builds up it s # 8217 ; ain quirky types of communication ( Guldner ) . Know let # 8217 ; s resort to the stuff in exercise one ; each framework is com presented of a sub-framework, so as to comprehend the family unit frameworks hypothesis, you should see every one of the sub-ideas. They are as per the following, trustworthiness, chain of command, limits, guidelines, control, and causality, every one of these develops hold an incentive towards the family frameworks hypothesis in footings of modification and arranged stages we travel through in the family unit lifecycle. There are a figure of basic issues to see in attempting to comprehend the nature of family unit activity, and between the two beginnings of initiation in exercise one and the article I have seen a significant co-appointment in the similitude of their work, and ground. Both concur that the â€Å" family unit frameworks thought has empowered us to recognize that it is non the terminal of the family however only its’ reorganization† , and â€Å"the key to investigating the family unit is to take a gander at how they complete their maps comparable to their impossible to miss structure† ( Marshall Fine, 1990 ) . Through my fear of the Family frameworks hypothesis, I have presumed that both the article and stuff in exercise one give a top of the line reappraisal of each other. In all cases their work had some level of decent variety, anyway it was straight and reporter. The third and closing point to introduce is Developmental hypothesis ( Family life musicality ) . As you found in point three, the family unit is a mind boggling framework. Adding to this unpredictability is the way that the family unit framework keeps on modifying as the family unit travels through grouped periods of the family unit life musicality. In partition four of exercise one, we will take notice to the hypothetical record of the family life cadence, and the six stages to be examined. This decision portrays Family life musicality or Developmental hypothesis, and utilizations modifying family unit frameworks as its balance. Thusly the Systems hypothesis and Developmental hypothesis assembly and bolster each other in their assault to getting family units. There are six stages to be broke down, The juvenile individual ( between family units ) , The newly hitched support, The family unit with youthful children, The family youngster children, propelling, and The family in ulterior life ( Carter/McGoldrick ) . Each stage will ; investigate the particular endeavor, articulation at included verifiable and social positions, analyze chosen gives that identify with the stages, and foresee from now on propensities. By taking notice to the exposition The rising family unit, we can see that all through its # 8217 ; substance there are numerous builds in which relate near that of the stuff canvassed in exercise one. Exercise one surveies the multidimensional hypothetical record, this is extremely of import since its # 8217 ; basicss are basic to the Developmental hypothesis, this hypothetical record gives us our familial decent variety. Another issue that is of import is the # 8220 ; work cycling # 8221 ; , as progression on today # 8217 ; s rising family we have to cognize that # 8220 ; whenever chance profits itself, both work powers and grown-up females are fit for work cycling to run into all family needs # 8221 ; ( Guldner ) . I could go on everlastingly looking into, by the by now I imagine that it is truly certain that the paper composed by Claude Guldner, is in certainty tantamount from various perspectives to that of the stuff that we have perused in this exercise. With cautious thought and stubborn reappraisal, I feel that the two readings that I have been investigating really show looking at through numerous signifiers and considerations they have kept up, we live by a cadence, an arrangement of unpredictability, movement and developing, its # 8217 ; what makes us the rising family unit. The develop of family unit life musicality stages has made an of import part, all through clasp we have advanced and adjusted to our current period, we experience numerous basic stages that ceaselessly take us along this ever-enduring beat. The three focuses that I shrouded in this paper, What is family unit, Family frameworks hypothesis, and Developmental hypothesis, have given unequivocally in back uping my place all through this article. Each has its # 8217 ; ain characterized work, yet coincidently sort out together to do feeling of this entire Emerging family feature. My place in this situation is to gracefully grounds of how Claude Guldner # 8217 ; s attempt gives comparable signifier, and intends to that of exercise one, as great I am to flexibly make reference to from the two signifiers of Hagiographas so all changes of my surveies agree precisely with each other. It is important that we be mindful of the capacities we play in today # 8217 ; s stage, as clasp goes on our live s change directly before our eyes, we are trapped in the focal point of the musicality of life and we should be perceptive of these modifications. What we contribute into, and how we treat our framework will affect all of us.

Creativity and Innovation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 1

Imagination and Innovation - Essay Example It results from absence of a pay and the different sexual orientation inclinations that speak to themselves in the general public. The high occurrence of destitution among ladies is ascribed to the solitary parenthoods clear in many nations of the globe. These ladies in destitution have almost no entrance to quality medicinal services administrations and assets. A few components influence this state of feminization of neediness. These variables place ladies at the most noteworthy dangers of neediness on the planet. Notwithstanding the way that low salary is the primary trigger of this condition, there are many interrelated components of this condition (Costa 2008). Solitary or single parents are at the most elevated hazard since their single pay is lacking to raise kids. Subsequently, the3 probability of the youngsters to have decent training and better sustenance is diminished altogether. Low pay results from the inclination in many spots to ladies as they attempt to look for formal work. This cycle continues endlessly extending neediness among the ladies. Because of the expanded number of unmarried ladies, it is imperative to look at their differing reasons for neediness. In addition, destitution is frequently multi-dimensional hence financial, socio-social variables and segment factors associate to set up neediness. It is one marvel with different roots and appearances. Absence of salary is the essential motivation behind why there are common instances of neediness among ladies. Absence of a wellspring of salary leads such ladies to do not have the essential needs (Chant 2006). It keeps them from achieving assets and changing over their money related assets into different degrees of working. Ladies who approach a higher salary can get to abilities, which may fundamentally expand their pay. Because of ladies acquiring not as much as men now and again do, they need access to fundamental training levels and quality instruction consequently decreasing their odds of gaining a higher salary. Hardship of higher pay passes on from one ladies age

Labor law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Work law - Essay Example Consequently, managers increased a dependable â€Å"internal work market† of semi-prepared laborers that would set aside businesses cash required to select, and train. Past the verifiable agreement, associations were likewise fruitful in securing against end, requiring â€Å"just cause† rather than the more present manager adaptability of â€Å"at will† employment1. The introducing of the boundaryless work environment has disassembled a significant part of the New Deal work structure, and has put a premium on singular abilities and information. Representatives have become free specialists in the workforce, requiring such aptitudes to vie for winning wages with no certain or unequivocal assurance of professional stability. The most grounded insurance laborers presently have is instruction and preparing. Stone additionally takes note of that those hurt the most by this shakiness are manual and undeveloped workers2. While the absence of security is wild in itself, Stone contends that the present work structure doesn't have answers for a large number of issues that the changing economy present. Utilizing Stone’s technique for chronicling authentic changes in the business work relationship, the pattern towards an increasingly adaptable and boundaryless workforces has attempted to improve open doors for ladies and minorities. Simultaneously, in any case, she accepts that, †the new work relationship makes separation difficult to recognize and hard to challenge3.† Successful endeavors have been made to forestall unmistakable segregation, for example, Title VII, of the milestone 1964 Civil Rights law, the Age Discrimination Act of 1967, the Equal Pay Act of 1962, and the 1990 Americans with Disabilities Act4. This enactment is viable in permitting ladies and minorities to access the purposes of passage into an inside work advertise, be that as it may, because of the separation of interior work showcases, these demonstrations don't address increasingly present day types of segregation. Present day types of separation have become

Kellin Quinn Essay

I. Presentation â€Å" I can’t guarantee that things won’t be broken, however I swear that I will never leave.† - Kellin Quinn. Isn’t that what everybody truly needs what everybody actually needs? Not generally is an answer for an issue required. Now and again we simply need somebody to help us through our intense occasions and to assist us with gaining from botches that have been made. Kellin Quinn gets this. In addition to the fact that he relates to the need to support companions, however Kellin identifies with practically all the battles most youngsters and, well, basically all ages observer. It appears in his music. Kellin Quinn is the vocalist and piano player of the band Sleeping With Sirens. Their music is tied in with originating from a messed up family and the amount it harms since you feel mindful. Challenges extending from self-mischief to tormenting to adore are heard in the important verses of their tunes. Not exclusively do Kellin and the band expound on th at, yet additionally they have tunes that are helpful, happy, and that make you need to grin and welcome the positive qualities throughout everyday life. II. Mindful Kellin is something beyond a melodic virtuoso; he is one who thinks about individuals as people. For instance, Marie Fowler was a multi year old malignant growth tolerant that was determined to have just 72 hours to live. Kellin Quinn, her object of worship, was told on Twitter and he Skyped her. He advised her to be solid and to relish and value the existence she has delighted in. In addition, Kellin has committed his life to music and to cause his fans to feel better and happy. He has certainly made my life simpler and made me adapt well to catastrophes. I’m so grateful that I have Sleeping With Sirens throughout my life. III. Kellin’s Struggles Kellin Quinn’s father left him and his mom when he was youthful and they needed to strive to take care of the tabs and to deal with themselves. Kellin was determined to have discouragement and mental issue as a result of his troubles. With a lot of exertion and industriousness, he conquered these difficulties and is currently helping other people do likewise. Likewise, Kellin has â€Å"haters† who call him impolite and childish when really he is the specific inverse. Other negative remarks made about him are that he is â€Å"too punk† or that he â€Å"sounds like a girl.† He for the most part just overlooks the dissatisfaction. Generally speaking, Kellin is a skilled and rousing multi year old. IV. Effect Kellin Quinn and the band have improved my life to such an extent. I, in the same way as other others, have battled with tormenting and numerous different troubles. Important music makes these things simpler to adapt to and Sleeping With Sirens works superbly at depicting a message in their verses that their fans can identify with. The band has really spared innumerable lives. A few youngsters have misery or are battling throughout everyday life and want to end it all to end their agony. In Sleeping With Sirens’ tunes, one may see how the verses are intended to make the audience upbeat and a few melodies are even explicitly written to support self-harmers. â€Å"One day you’ll open your eyes, investigate. I simply spared your life. Simply investigate. I trust you realize what it’s like for you to be okay. I am for you.† â€In Case of Emergency, Dial 411, Sleeping With Sirens. V. End By and large, Kellin Quinn is an astounding craftsman who composes and sings about relatable disasters and minutes in his and others’ lives. He is a motivation to numerous young people, including myself. I will always remember the effect that Kellin as an individual and Sleeping With Sirens have had on my life.

CPW is for Parents Too

CPW is for Parents Too… When I arrived at MIT to start my freshman year I had never been on the campus before. I quickly realized it was all I had hoped for and more. I was fortunate that my family decided to take a vacation in New England about the same time so I was able to show them almost immediately why I loved it so much here. CPW has been designed with the students in mind but there are a lot of activities planned for parents too. Obviously we want all our visitors to enjoy their time on campus so here are some suggested events to attend and tips on making the most of your CPW experience. Parent’s Hospitality Lounge Grab a cup of coffee or tea and chat with current MIT parents as well as other parents of MIT prefrosh. Also, learn about the MIT Parents Association and the Parent Connector Network from current volunteers and staff. Financial Aid Appointments Have questions regarding your financial aid package or the financial aid process in general? Either get your questions answered immediately by the Financial Aid Counselor on-hand or schedule a 20-minute appointment to speak one-on-one with a Student Financial Services representative. Events Parent Welcome on Thursday night at 7:30 pm Stu Schmill, Dean of Admissions and Donald Sadoway, John F. Elliott Professor of Materials Chemistry, will welcome the Class of 2013 parents to Campus Preview Weekend. Parent Reception with Parent Connectors and Alumni on Friday night at 5:00 pm Sponsored by the MIT Parents Association and the MIT Club of Boston, this reception is your chance to meet and mingle with Parent Connectors, Educational Counselors and other MIT Alumni. Presenters include Phillip Clay, Chancellor and Professor of City Planning, and Kim Vandiver 75, Dean for Undergraduate Research. Insight for Parents by Parents is Saturday morning at 8:30 am A panel of current MIT parents will be on hand to share their insights and answer your questions. Sponsored by the MIT Parents Association. Parent Connector Saturday Night Drop-In After the closing variety show join us “Under the Great Dome for an informal gathering hosted by the Chair of the MIT Parent Connectors. Panels Sessions Residential Life at MIT Our on-campus residential community boasts 12 residence halls, 38 fraternities, sororities and independent living groups as well as a wide variety of dining services. Karen Nilsson, Senior Associate Dean for Residential Life, will lead a discussion covering life in residences, residential support offerings, activities, dining options, roommate matching and more. Come learn about all aspects of UROP at MIT, including how to participate, what type of research is appropriate, what to expect from the program, and more. Discussion will center on the experiences of the UROP student panel as moderated by UROP staff. Financial Aid Presentation Parents and students are welcome to attend this program on the hows, whys and whens of financial aid at MIT how we determined your financial aid award, when your supplemental forms are due, how to pay your balance, how to find on-campus student employment, and how your online student account will work. Director of Student Financial Aid, Daniel Barkowitz, will address these issues and more, as well as answer your questions. Four Panels for Parents Learn about the many kinds of interactions that occur between students and faculty at MIT, and the wonderful collaborative environment in which they work and study together. Find out about the many ways students get involved in and lead campus activities and athletics that help to enhance areas of intellectual, personal and social development. From MIT Medical to Student Support Services and safety, MITs campus features a widespread and multi-layered care system for the mind, body and spirit. Discover more about each of these areas on Saturday afternoon. Open Houses Multiple open houses will be held over the weekend. These include areas relating to Medical Services, Careers Development, Hillel, Global Education (study abroad and more), Pre-Professional Advising (Pre-Med and more), departments, and housing. And for the rest… I’ve named just a handful of the events created with you in mind for CPW and I hope you’ll take advantage of as many of them as you can. But with so much to do how can you really get the most out of the experience? I hope you’ll ask lots of questions. It’s the way our students learn and will work for you too. Current students are great resources so don’t be afraid to ask them about their experiences. I hope you’ll be open-minded during your visit with us. While my parents did ultimately understand why I wanted to be at MIT, I’ll never forget the look on my mother’s face when I told her I was moving into a co-ed dorm. I was, after all, her little girl. Pick an event where you can meet up with your student each day (perhaps the Presidents Welcome on Friday and the Closing Ceremony on Saturday) but mostly let them “do their own thing”. It’s the best way for them to figure out if they are comfortable and at home on our campus. Bring comfortable shoes and a jacket or sweater. Evenings can be cool here in the spring and it will even occasionally rain (just like on Red Sox Opening Day last week). Most importantly I hope you’ll take some time to explore Boston while you’re here! You could be making several visits to “our fair city” over the next few years and a beautiful spring day is a great time to discover Boston and Cambridge. Let me know if you need a restaurant recommendation

College Application Advice

College Application Advice July 5, 2012 Theres a post on The New York Times' The Choice blog by Jordanna Suriani, an admissions counselor at Ramapo College of New Jersey, that we sincerely disagree with. Alright, we dont disagree with everything she writes, but we do disagree with a whole lot of it. Ms. Suriani asserts that students should apply to five or six universities (max). And whys that? Ms. Suriani believes that its unfair to applicants and colleges alike to apply to so many schools. Really we should sympathize for colleges (who are making money off of applications and encouraging even unqualified students to apply in an effort to boost their admission rate a key factor in their US News World Report ranking)? Really? You dont need to go to college within ten miles of a metropolis to break into the fashion industry (photo credit: David Shankbone). And how does Ms. Suriani point out that applying to, say, ten universities hurts colleges? Writes Ms. Suriani, As an admissions counselor at a mid-sized, public liberal arts college, I cannot tell you how many times I speak with admitted students in April — just days before the national May 1st acceptance deadline — and hear them say they are torn between my institution and a 50,000 student research university located across the country. Oh, please! Sorry to hear that students cant make up their mind between going to Ramapo College or a major research university. Perhaps if you had done a better job of convincing students about the merits of your college, they wouldnt be on the fence. Ok, maybe thats a bit harsh but, come on, is the fact that students are applying to ten universities (including big and small schools) really unfair for colleges? Absolutely, not. And if it were, why should a student care? But thats not all. Were not going to go into everything we disagree with in Ms. Surianis article (the word crapshoot should not be associated with college admissions as its anything but random), but she states that students who are interested in getting into film or fashion might want to think of universities within ten miles of cities as their best bets. Really? Sure, its always beneficial as far as internships are concerned to be near a city as thats where the majority of internships are, but there are tons of liberal arts colleges more than ten miles away from the nearest city that enroll students interested in film and fashion. And these students can be quite happy at these schools. Â  A film major can attend Amherst College and still land a great internship in Los Angeles, believe it or not! A student who wants to break into fashion can major in anthropology, believe it or not, and still successfully break into the fashion industry! They can even attend college in Hanover, New Hampshire many more than ten miles away from a major metropolis and land an internship in fashion. Its called an off-term and Dartmouth students can take a fall, winter, or spring off since they spend their sophomore summer in Hanover. We know Ms. Suriani didnt mean anything by her post. She was just trying to be helpful. Unfortunately, there is some inaccurate information in her post nonetheless. Want some more college application advice? Check out our college application videos!

The Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962

The Cuban Missile Crisis was a tense 13-day-long (October 16-28, 1962) confrontation between the United States and the Soviet Union triggered by America’s discovery of nuclear-capable Soviet ballistic missile deployment in Cuba. With Russian long-range nuclear missiles just 90 miles off the shore of Florida, the crisis pushed the limits of atomic diplomacy and is generally considered the closest the Cold War came to escalating into a full-scale nuclear war. Spiced with open and secret communication and strategic miscommunication between the two sides, the Cuban Missile Crisis was unique in the fact that it took place mainly in the White House and the Soviet Kremlin, with little or no foreign policy input from either the U.S. Congress or the legislative arm of the Soviet government, the Supreme Soviet. Events Leading to the Crisis In April 1961, the U.S. government backed a group of Cuban exiles in an armed attempt to overthrow communist Cuban dictator Fidel Castro. The infamous assault, known as the Bay of Pigs invasion, failed miserably, became a foreign policy black eye for President John F. Kennedy, and only widened the growing Cold War diplomatic gap between the U.S. and the Soviet Union. Still smarting from the Bay of Pigs failure, the Kennedy administration in the spring of 1962 planned Operation Mongoose, a complex set of operations orchestrated by the CIA and Department of Defense, again intended to remove Castro from power. While some of the non-military actions of Operation Mongoose were conducted during 1962, the Castro regime remained solidly in place. In July 1962, Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev, in response to the Bay of Pigs and the presence of American Jupiter ballistic missiles Turkey, secretly agreed with Fidel Castro to place Soviet nuclear missiles in Cuba in order to prevent the United States from attempting future invasions of the island. The Crisis Begins as Soviet Missiles Detected In August of 1962, routine U.S. surveillance flights began showing a build-up of Soviet-made conventional weapons on Cuba, including Soviet IL–28 bombers capable of carrying nuclear bombs. A U.S. patrol plane flies over a Soviet freighter during the 1962 Cuban missile crisis. Getty Images Staff On September 4, 1962, President Kennedy publicly warned the Cuban and Soviet governments to cease the stockpiling of offensive weapons on Cuba. However, photographs from a U.S. U–2 high-altitude aircraft on October 14 clearly showed sites for the storage and launch of medium- and intermediate-range ballistic nuclear missiles (MRBMs and IRBMs) being built in Cuba. These missiles allowed the Soviets to effectively target the majority of the continental United States. On October 15, 1962, the pictures from the U-2 flights were delivered to the White House and within hours the Cuban Missile crisis was underway. The Cuban ‘Blockade’ or ‘Quarantine’ Strategy In the White House, President Kennedy huddled with his closest advisers to plan a response to the Soviet’s actions. Kennedy’s more hawkish advisers – led by the Joint Chiefs of Staff -- argued for an immediate military response including air strikes to destroy the missiles before they could be armed and made ready for launch, followed by a full-scale military invasion of Cuba. At the other end, some of Kennedy’s advisers favored a purely diplomatic response including strongly-worded warnings to Castro and Khrushchev they hoped would result in the supervised removal of the Soviet missiles and dismantling of the launch sites. Kennedy, however, chose to take a course in the middle. His Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara had suggested a naval blockade of Cuba as a restrained military action. However, in delicate diplomacy, every word matters, and the word â€Å"blockade† was a problem. In international law, a â€Å"blockade† is considered an act of war. So, on October 22, Kennedy ordered the U.S. Navy to establish and enforce a strict naval â€Å"quarantine† of Cuba. The same day, President Kennedy sent a letter to Soviet premier Khrushchev making it clear that further delivery of offensive weapons to Cuba would not be allowed, and that the Soviet missile bases already under construction or completed should be dismantled and all weapons returned to the Soviet Union. Kennedy Informs the American People Early in the evening of October 22, President Kennedy appeared live across all U.S. television networks to inform the nation of the Soviet nuclear threat developing just 90 miles from American shores. In his televised address, Kennedy personally condemned Khrushchev for the â€Å"clandestine, reckless and provocative threat to world peace† and warned that the United States was prepared to retaliate in kind should any Soviet missiles be launched. â€Å"It shall be the policy of this nation to regard any nuclear missile launched from Cuba against any nation in the Western Hemisphere as an attack by the Soviet Union on the United States, requiring a full retaliatory response upon the Soviet Union,† stated President Kennedy. Kennedy went on to explain his administration’s plan for dealing with the crisis through the naval quarantine. â€Å"To halt this offensive buildup, a strict quarantine on all offensive military equipment under shipment to Cuba is being initiated,† he said. â€Å"All ships of any kind bound for Cuba, from whatever nation or port, will, if found to contain cargoes of offensive weapons, be turned back.† Kennedy also stressed that the U.S. quarantine would not prevent food and other humanitarian â€Å"necessities of life† from reaching the Cuban people, â€Å"as the Soviets attempted to do in their Berlin blockade of 1948.† Mere hours before Kennedy’s address, the Joint Chiefs of Staff had placed all U.S. military forces on DEFCON 3 status, under which the Air Force stood ready to launch retaliatory attacks within 15 minutes. Khrushchev’s Response Raises Tensions At 10:52 pm EDT, on October 24, President Kennedy received a telegram from Khrushchev, in which the Soviet Premier stated, â€Å"if you [Kennedy] weigh the present situation with a cool head without giving way to passion, you will understand that the Soviet Union cannot afford not to decline the despotic demands of the USA.† In the same telegram, Khrushchev stated that he had ordered Soviet ships sailing for Cuba to ignore the U.S. naval â€Å"blockade,† which the Kremlin considered to be â€Å"an act of aggression.† During October 24 and 25, despite Khrushchev’s message, some ships bound for Cuba turned back from the U.S. quarantine line. Other ships were stopped and searched by U.S. naval forces but were found not to contain offensive weapons and allowed to sail on for Cuba. However, the situation was actually growing more desperate as U.S. reconnaissance flights over Cuba indicated that work on the Soviet missile sites was continuing, with several nearing completion. US Forces Go to DEFCON 2 In light of the latest U-2 photos, and with no peaceful end to the crisis in sight, the Joint Chiefs of Staff placed U.S. forces at readiness level DEFCON 2; an indication that war involving the Strategic Air Command (SAC) was imminent. During the DEFCON 2 period, about 180 of SAC’s more than 1,400 long-range nuclear bombers remained on airborne alert and some 145 U.S. intercontinental ballistic missiles were placed on ready status, some aimed at Cuba, some at Moscow. On the morning of October 26, President Kennedy told his advisers that while he intended to allow the naval quarantine and diplomatic efforts more time to work, he feared that removing the Soviet missiles from Cuba would ultimately require a direct military attack. As America held its collective breath, the risky art of atomic diplomacy faced its greatest challenge. Khrushchev Blinks First On the afternoon of October 26, the Kremlin appeared to soften its stance. ABC News correspondent John Scali informed the White House that a â€Å"Soviet agent† had personally suggested to him that Khrushchev might order the missiles removed from Cuba if President Kennedy personally promised not to invade the island. While the White House was unable to confirm the validity of Scali’s â€Å"back channel† Soviet diplomatic offer, President Kennedy received an eerily similar message from Khrushchev himself on the evening of October 26. In an uncharacteristically long, personal and emotional note, Khrushchev expressed a desire to avoid the horrors of a nuclear holocaust. â€Å"If there is no intention,† he wrote, â€Å"to doom the world to the catastrophe of thermonuclear war, then let us not only relax the forces pulling on the ends of the rope, let us take measures to untie that knot. We are ready for this.† President Kennedy decided not to respond to Khrushchev at the time.   Out of the Frying Pan, but Into the Fire However, the next day, October 27, the White House learned that Khrushchev was not exactly that â€Å"ready† to end the crisis. In a second message to Kennedy, Khrushchev emphatically demanded that any deal to remove Soviet missiles from Cuba had to include the removal of U.S. Jupiter missiles from Turkey. Once again, Kennedy chose not to respond. Later the same day, the crisis deepened when a U.S. U–2 reconnaissance jet was shot down by a surface-to-air (SAM) missile launched from Cuba. The U-2 pilot, U.S. Air Force Major Rudolf Anderson Jr., died in the crash. Khrushchev claimed that the Major Anderson’s plane had been shot down by the â€Å"Cuban military† on orders issued by Fidel Castro’s brother Raul. While President Kennedy had previously stated he would retaliate against Cuban SAM sites if they fired on U.S. planes, he decided not to do so unless there were further incidents. While continuing to search for a diplomatic resolution, Kennedy and his advisors began planning an attack on Cuba to be carried out as soon as possible in order to prevent more nuclear missile sites from becoming operational. As this point, President Kennedy still had not responded to either of Khrushchev’s messages. Just in Time, a Secret Agreement In a risky move, President Kennedy decided to respond to Khrushchev’s first less demanding message and ignore the second one. Kennedy’s response to Khrushchev suggested a plan for the removal of Soviet missiles from Cuba to be overseen by the United Nations, in return for assurances that the United States would not invade Cuba. Kennedy, however, made no mention of the U.S. missiles in Turkey. Even as President Kennedy was responding to Khrushchev, his younger brother, Attorney General Robert Kennedy, was secretly meeting with Soviet Ambassador to the United States, Anatoly Dobrynin. In their October 27 meeting, Attorney General Kennedy told Dobrynin that the United States had been planning to remove its missiles from Turkey and would proceed to do so, but that this move could not be made public in any agreement ending the Cuban missile crisis. Dobrynin related the details of his meeting with Attorney General Kennedy to the Kremlin and on the morning of October 28, 1962, Khrushchev publicly stated that all Soviet missiles would be dismantled and removed from Cuba. While the missile crisis was essentially over, the U.S. naval quarantine continued until November 20, 1962, when the Soviets agreed to remove their IL–28 bombers from Cuba. Interestingly, the U.S. Jupiter missiles were not removed from Turkey until April 1963. The Legacy of the Missile Crisis As the defining and most desperate event of the Cold War, the Cuban Missile Crisis helped to improve the world’s negative opinion of the United States after its failed Bay of Pigs invasion and strengthened President Kennedy’s overall image at home and abroad. In addition, the secretive and dangerously confusing nature of vital communications between the two superpowers as the world teetered on the brink of nuclear war resulted in the installation of the so-called â€Å"Hotline† direct telephone link between the White House and the Kremlin. Today, the â€Å"Hotline† still exists in the form of a secure computer link over which messages between the White House and Moscow are exchanged by email. Finally and most importantly, realizing they had brought the world to the brink of Armageddon, the two superpowers began to consider scenarios for ending the nuclear arms race and began working toward a permanent nuclear Test Ban Treaty.

Definition and Examples of an Implied Author

In reading, an implied author is the version of a writer that a reader constructs based on the text in its entirety. Also called a  model author, an abstract author, or an inferred author. The concept of the implied author was introduced by American literary critic Wayne C. Booth in his book  The Rhetoric of Fiction  (1961): However impersonal [an author] may try to be, his reader will inevitably construct a picture of the official scribe who writes in this manner. Examples and Observations [I]t is a curious fact that we have no terms either for this created second self or our relationship with him. None of our terms for various aspects of the narrator is quite accurate. Persona, mask, and narrator are sometimes used, but they more commonly refer to the speaker in the work who is after all only one of the elements created by the implied author and who may be separated from him by large ironies. Narrator is usually taken to mean the I of the work, but the I is seldom if ever identical with the implied image of the artist.(Wayne Booth, The Rhetoric of Fiction. University of Chicago Press, 1961)Too often in my early work, I suggested a total communion between two utterly confident, secure, correct, and wise human beings at the top of the human heap: the implied author and me. Now I see an implied author who is manifold.(Wayne C. Booth, The Struggle to Tell the Story of the Struggle to Get the Story Told. Narrative, January 1997) Implied Author and Implied Reader A classic example of mismatching in kind is The Jungle, by Upton Sinclair. The implied author intends that the implied reader will react to the horrifying account of the Chicago meatpacking industry by taking socialist action to improve the workers lives. In other words, the implied reader of The Jungle already cares about workers in general, and the implied author intends that building on that old value, the reader will primarily be motivated to adopt a new value--socialist commitment to helping Chicago meat workers. But, because most actual American readers lacked sufficient concern for workers, a mismatch occurred, and they failed to react as intended; The Jungle ended up moving them only to agitate for improved sanitation in meatpacking.(Ellen Susan Peel, Politics, Persuasion, and Pragmatism: A Rhetoric of Feminist Utopian Fiction. Ohio State University. Press, 2002) Controversies As our study of implied author reception will show, there is no consistent correlation between the contexts in which the concept has been used and the opinions that have been put forward regarding its usefulness. In interpretive contexts, both supporting and opposing voices have made themselves heard; in descriptive contexts, meanwhile, the implied author has met with near-universal hostility, but even here its relevance to textual interpretation occasionally attracts a more positive response.(Tom Kindt and Hans-Harald Mà ¼ller, The Implied Author: Concept and Controversy. Trans. by Alastair Matthews. Walter de Gruyter, 2006)

The Fountainhead by Ayn Rand and The Open Boat by Stephen...

Fountainhead and The open boat In today’s world there are many kinds of people that do things at their own free will. In the novel â€Å"The Fountainhead† it is shown that people made their own decisions to go where they wanted to go in their own free will. In the story â€Å"The Open Boat† men have shown to open to their own instincts and follow their own path for survival. Both stories show many forms of determinism, objectivism, naturalism, collectivism, realism, etc. All to be shown at their own free will Ayn Rand was young when she was exposed to many forms of society. She spent most of her childhood growing up in Russia. She learned the ways of capitalisms and it flaws. She detested capitalism and objectivism. She has written many novels†¦show more content†¦To be melted and to emerge as girders against the sky.† (p.16). Rand was showing how the world around Howard Roark affects him. The world around him in this environment makes him feel fre e and loose from the chains that society uses to hold him back. â€Å"He had worked at one jab after another since early childhood. For a long time he sold newspapers on a street corner. One day he a walked up to the press-room boss and stated that they should start a new service—delivering the paper to the reader’s door in the morning; he explained how and why it would boost circulation. â€Å"Yeah?† said the boss. â€Å"I know it will work,† said Wynand. â€Å"Well, you don’t run things around here,† said the boss. â€Å"You’re a fool† said Wynand. He lost the job† (p.401-402).This shows the environment around Gail Wynand wasn’t good growing up and that he had the choice (free will) to introduce his idea to the boss, knowing he would be denied, and he made the choice to stand his ground firm. Stephan Crane (The Open Boat) grew up in Newark, New Jersey. He was the youngest of his 14 other siblings. He came from a family of writers, this may be the reason he himself had such a great understanding of literature, the story of â€Å"The Open Boat† is about how he survived a ship wreck and took a bodacious journey in a dinghy, small boat similar to a raft (hints the open boat), surviving out in sea seeking help and aid from somebody. In the

Legalizing Marijuana Help or Hindrance Essay - 1009 Words

There is no denying that there are problems with the marijuana laws currently in place in the United States. Left and right, there are people using marijuana with blatant disregard to the fact that it is, in fact, prohibited. The black market for marijuana is surging out of control. As a result of this, drug-related street crimes have become more prevalent, which, in turn, has increased the number of offenders in prison for those crimes. This is very costly to the United States government. Also, there are personal dangers involved with buying drugs on the black market. By legalizing marijuana, the government could help solve the problems caused by the laws that are currently in place. Several effects of marijuana prohibition have to do†¦show more content†¦Only the drug users would be forced to pay the extra taxes, but everyone in the country could reap the benefits. The deficit is a huge problem; another major problem that has arisen because marijuana is illegal is the increase in the number of drug-related street crimes. Since marijuana is so expensive, drug users often don’t have the means to pay for it. A large number of drug buyers come from low-income families, which only enforces that inability to afford the drugs they use. Also, an article on WebMD points out that although marijuana is not considered a physically addictive drug, it is psychologically addictive and often causes the same symptoms (â€Å"Marijuana Use†). Users’ rational thought is sometimes impaired by the intense need to fulfill their drug addictions. This leads to increased levels of violent crimes such as robbery, assault, even murder. Legalizing marijuana would allow the government to control the market, which would decrease the drug-related crime rates. It would also completely eradicate the number of marijuana-related crimes, such as trafficking and possession. Today, almost sixty thousand people are incarcerated for marijuana-related offenses at a time. The combined number of arrests for the most violent crimes (murder, manslaughter, rape, robbery) still does not exceed the number of people incarcerated for disobeying marijuana laws. At an expense of over twenty thousand dollars each per year, the yearly cost

Another Look Back, and a Look Ahead Free Essays

Imagine the impact technological innovations have had on society? How much did technology influence society a decade ago, and how much does it influence society now? Technology was created from humans to become a more efficient specie. Although technology has advanced society with respect to technology and efficiency, it has also created problems not previously seen because of the use of technology. Edward Tenner, a writer and technology consultant, wrote an article titled â€Å"Another Look Back, and a Look Ahead† published in 1996. We will write a custom essay sample on Another Look Back, and a Look Ahead or any similar topic only for you Order Now In his article Tenner argues, through the use of the rhetorical appeal ethos, compare and contrast, and cause and effect, that society is advancing at an alarming rate and suggests a â€Å"retreating from intensity† (Tenner 78) in order to allow society to slow its progression and accustom itself to new technology. Tenner uses his credibility as an exceptional writer to appeal to audiences and inform them about the subject in his article. Throughout the article, Tenner uses an extensive vocabulary and shows fluency in his writing. In the sentence, â€Å"The prognosis for revenge effects is hopeful†¦by replacing brute force with finesse† (Tenner 60), Tenner shows his expertise by using collegial writing skills and even introduces a term he created, â€Å"revenge effects†. He is well informed about what he is talking about and never leaves the reader guessing what he is trying to say. The fact that he was formerly employed as the science editor at the Princeton University Press makes him an even more credible source. When Tenner talks about â€Å"the defeat of the Spanish Armada in 1588† (Tenner 63), it demonstrates to the reader he is educated and increases ethos. By the end of the article, Tenner has effectively made his case for society to slow its technological progression. Aside from using ethos in his article, Tenner uses compare and contrast to show his audience how technology has changed over time. Tenner provides many examples to show how they compare and contrast from now and the past. He talks about the sinking of the Titanic becoming a signal event, â€Å"one that reveals an ominous and previously underestimated kind of danger† (Tenner 64). At the time the Titanic was the biggest technological innovation to start the twentieth century. Ship engineers have become more aware of the dangers the ocean presents ships. Although in comparison ships might be of the same size and provide the same transportation over waters, its comparison shows they have evolved. â€Å"The higher potential speed of steamships requires more rather than less care. The larger number of passengers and crew required more careful drills and inspection of equipment† (Tenner 65). The speed of ships has significantly changed over time as well as the technology of ship engines which allow for them to reach significant speeds. Through these advances one could argue it has created an efficiency of allowing people to travel much faster, however Tenner reminds them of the â€Å"revenge effects† these innovations create. Today much more safety regulations are used than in the past, this is due to the new dangers technology creates. Another example Tenner uses is the comparison and contrast of transportation over time. Humans created the automobile to become more efficient and make travel and transportation much faster throughout the world. â€Å"Nearly every passenger journey or freight shipment began and ended with a horse-drawn vehicle or a horse† (Tenner 67). Due to technological innovations and Henry Ford’s assembly line, motor vehicles were created not only to suit the rich but for all society to enjoy. Through this progression people were not limited to where they could travel and the time it took to get there. People could take regular jobs that were far from home rather than having to move to accommodate their needs. Roads and freeways soon followed with the increase of automobile use. â€Å"The greatest surprise of motoring was the speed at which traffic clogged the roads, including freeways and other limited-access highways built to relieve congestion† (Tenner 70). Tenner compares the use of transportation over time, demonstrating that although it has made transportation much faster, it has created â€Å"revenge effects† such as traffic and congestion, things that before the technological innovation were never seen. Examples such as these have led Tenner to advise society to fix problems that new technologies bring not by creating new technologies to solve the problem, but by slowing down and addressing the problem itself, not a quick fix. Comparing and contrasting the impact technology has had on society effectively illustrate Tenner’s main argument, but through the use of cause and effect the audience can relate and understand how Tenner formed his thesis. In the text Tenner provides many cause and effect examples. An example Tenner uses is the effects that are created because of industrial carbon dioxide emissions. Industries that create carbon dioxide allow for many benefits such as electricity and transportation, but they are also responsible for warming the earth’s temperatures, â€Å"global warming†. â€Å"The increasing cultivation of the earth would bring about higher temperatures and eventually a melting of the polar icecap† (Tenner 76). Another cause/effect example Tenner uses is â€Å"strict directives on meat radiation after the Chernobyl meltdown of 1986 destroyed the Lapp reindeer-meat economy† (Tenner 76). A catastrophic event in Chernobyl created a lasting effect on the economy. Tenner argues that these technologies have many lasting effects, known as â€Å"revenge effects†. From beginning to end, Tenner’s article urges the reader to draw back from such a rapid progression of technology. Tenner argues, through the use of the rhetorical appeal ethos, compare and contrast, and cause and effect, technological innovation instead of creating efficiency create â€Å"revenge effects† which create more problems for society. Tenner suggests that society recoil its progression of technology, not forever, but until accustomed to the use of new technologies. Tenner’s argument in the article opens many readers eyes as to the real problems they choose to ignore due to technological innovation. This issue is relevant and provides a subject that all people can identify with. Technologies are all around society and the impact it has is colossal. Whatever your side of the argument for technologies and society may be, the reality Tenner presents reveal a need to retreat from intensive technological progression. How to cite Another Look Back, and a Look Ahead, Papers

Human Resources in Organization

Question: Discuss about theHuman Resources in Organization. Answer: Introduction The assignment will focus towards the development process of a proper recruitment strategy of Apple. Apple Inc is an American multinational technology company with its headquarters in Cupertino, California, which designs as well as develops consumer electronic products and computer software, which generates different kinds of online services. Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak and Ronald Wayne founded this particular organization in the year 1976 (Apple 2016). When measured in terms of revenue it is one of the largest organizations and on the other hand, it is the second biggest company in manufacturing. There are certain assets present in the organization. One is the fixed assets and other one is current assets. Out of all the assets one of the major assets, which is present in different company, is the human resource management (Bohlander and Snell 2013). It is one of the difficult as well as challenging jobs for the managers to get the work done by the employees in the required manner. Recruitment strategies refer to the process of screening and selecting qualified people for a job. Management involves the use of the competencies as the standards towards addressing the candidates throughout the selection process of the interview section. Analysis of the Recruitment Strategy of Apple Apple maintains a healthy as well as proper recruitment strategy as compared with different multinational organization. Apple firmly believes in the three top areas, which includes recruitment, retention and rewards employees. Recruitment strategy includes low barrier to entry and no advanced degree or special certification is required. The recruitment strategy, which is selected by apple, is one of the unique strategies as compared with the other multinational companies. Defining the objectives of the company along with different kinds of organizational strategies will allow the employees to conclude the corporate requirements. Apple guides all the staff of the organization to be proactive (DeCenzo, Robbins and Verhulst 2013). There are certain organizational goals and objectives which majority of the company develops based on the requirements. In order to accomplish the overall aims and purposes Apple develops active recruitment strategies. However, Apple firmly believes in the dev elopment process of the pipeline recruitment strategy, which includes meeting people proactively and developing a database of qualified individuals (Dessler 2013). Apple believes in the process of retention of employees. It is one of the primary jobs of the human resources department to develop a high employee retention strategy. Apple believes in the process of building methodologies and tools for the people in order to deliver solution to the clients. With a view to develop a high retention strategies Apple continuously reinvest in individuals with a view to make them better employees. A balanced scorecard is one of the additional procedures, which will visualize the organization from four perspectives (Dessler 2013). The balance scorecard system includes the development process of metrics, which concentrates on collection of data and analyzes results relative to recruitment perspective. Learning and growth process is one of the key areas towards the development process of the proper recruiting strategies. All the employees need to perform a continuous process in the research and development part. Grow industry knowledge, personal development and value-supporting activities are the key strategies, which Apple follows in the employee retention process (Dowling, Festing and Engle 2013). Application of Theories Apple supports all the strategies and theories in order to motivate all the staff. If the employee gets motivated, it will allow the organization to be benefited in different ways. Some of the key reward system includes compensation policy, variable pay, value supporting activities and nontraditional benefits are some of the key activities in the reward system Apple follows in the overall recruitment system. One of the most important theories, which Apple follows in the organizational performance, is the application of the Maslows hierarchy of needs. There are four important factors, which include self-needs, esteemed needs, social needs, safety needs and physiological needs are the important factors which will evaluate this particular theory. Diversity in the work place is one of the key issues which majority of the multinational organization develops including Apple in the organizational activities and operations. The idea of diversity means many things. In the overall corporate structure, it often refers towards marinating a proper balance in the requirement of the organization. Apple maintains both on field as well as off filed recruitment strategies (Stone 2013). On field recruitment strategies includes hiring people from the practical filed and on the other hand, off field registered recruitment strategies includes hiring people based on publishing CV and other job profile (Stone 2013). The best way to fill empty slots is to keep them from being empty. Referrals are one of the earliest ways to identify different talents. The hiring departments of Apple need to able easily in order to adopt different kinds of circumstances and workloads (Prescott and Rothwell 2012). However, the recruitment strategy of Apple is to fol low different kinds of additional recruiting activities, which includes the following steps. Corporate structure, recruitment channels, competitive advantages, process of hiring, recruitment softwares, recruitment skills and social media are some of the key recruitment strategies, which majorities of the multinational organization follows in the daily business operations (Truss, Mankin and Kelliher 2012). Apple follows an eight-step hiring process in the overall organizational plans and procedures. The first step is to discuss the recruitment goals and strategies with the managers. The second phase is to determine the method of recruitment process, which includes the external recruitment process as well as internal hiring process, which is followed by participating in different kinds of brand buildings activities. Scheduling on campus interview and reviewing different types of resumes is the next steps, which Apple follows towards the development process if a high recruitment strategies (Werner, Schuler and Jackson 2012). The application of the recruitment method includes de veloping advertisement, internal recruitment strategies, and executive search firms and public employment agencies. Selecting the right people for the right job is one of the key objectives of the organization. If the right people are selected for the right job in the organization, it will bring positive impact in the organizational plans and procedures (Bohlander and Snell 2013). It will motivate all the employees in the proper manner and evaluate all the activities of the operations in the required manner (Stone 2013). It is one of the essential parts which majority of the managers follows in the organizational activities. The ultimate objective of Apple is to satisfy the basic needs of all the employees. If the needs of the employees are satisfied, it will bring certain positive impacts in the requirements of the organization (DeCenzo, Robbins and Verhulst 2013). On the other hand, Apple needs to maintain a diversified recruitment strategies which in different segments. Some of the key areas which of the business are product and development, marketing and sales, retail, customer support are some of the key sectors which Apple needs focus on. Discussing any particular point and relevant conditions in the market place and other external factors must be considered in the strategies of the organization (Dowling, Festing and Engle 2013). Plans are developed in order to plan the strategies of the organization in the required manner. Conclusion The concluding part of the study will analyze all the important factors, which will concentrate towards developing a proper recruitment strategy. Doing the best thing possible is one of the key objectives of this particular organization. Sometimes different organization irrespective of the nature of the business gives up, which is very hard to achieve. However, Apple does not give up anything in the business operations and all the employees give full efforts in order make it. Apple gives the opportunity to all the employees in order to share their ideas. Human Resource, Planning Decision, Strategic Recruitment decision and decision on recruitment source are some of the key activities, which Apple follows in the operations. Reference List Apple. (2016).Apple. [online] Available at: https://www.apple.com/ [Accessed 14 Aug. 2016]. Bohlander, G. and Snell, S. (2013).Principles of human resource management. Australia: South-Western/Cengage Learning. DeCenzo, D., Robbins, S. and Verhulst, S. (2013).Fundamentals of human resource management. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley Sons. Dessler, G. (2013).A framework for human resource management. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Pearson Prentice Hall. Dessler, G. (2013).Human resource management. Boston: Prentice Hall. Dowling, P., Festing, M. and Engle, A. (2013).International human resource management. Andover: Cengage Learning. Mondy, R. and Mondy, J. (2012).Human resource management. Boston: Prentice Hall. Prescott, R. and Rothwell, W. (2012).The encyclopedia of human resource management. Hoboken: John Wiley Sons. Stone, R.J., 2013.Managing human resources. John Wiley and Sons. Truss, C., Mankin, D. and Kelliher, C. (2012).Strategic human resource management. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Werner, S., Schuler, R. and Jackson, S. (2012).Human resource management. Australia: South-Western Cengage Learning.

Explaining Biases In Decision-Making Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Explaining Biases In Decision-Making. Answer: Critical examination of three concepts explaining bias Introduction Management and business demands managers to make decisions every day on a wide range of issues. Humans make decisions regularly and these decisions are influenced some or the other factor. These factors in addition are the results of the biases that affect the decision-making. Decision-making is a process that is continuous and has to be performed either with own choice or without. Maine, Soh and Dos Santos (2015), describe decision making as the right choice at the right time for achieving excellence in organizational management. According to Montibeller and Winterfeldt (2015), biases often hamper decision-making that further leads to failure of the organization. The author further points out different kinds of biases that include self-interest bias, social harmony bias, action-oriented bias and stability bias. The following essay, while introducing Herbert Simons quote, discusses three chief concepts that may help in explaining bias in decision-making. The essay elaborates Simons views on rational human choices and the influences of external forces on these choices. Explaining Simons quote The capacity of the human mind for formulating and solving complex problems is very small compared with the size of the problems whose solution is required for objectively rational behavior in the real worldor even for a reasonable approximation to such objective rationality (Simon, 1957). In the above quote, Herbert Simon speaks about the limited capability of human mind to make plans to solve complex problems. He states that the problems are bigger in size that the human mind capability to solve them. The solutions, states the author, are vital to humans as these define rational behavior or even for roughly acquiring the rationality to make decisions. The above quote is cited as the principle of bounded reality. According to the author, limited information restricts the rationality of individuals in decision-making. The limitations are not confined to information only, these go beyond cognition and time. He explains that if the principle turns out to be true then the objective of classical economic theory cannot be attained. The objective here is to predict a rational humans behavior without having to do practical research of his psyche. The consequences of this principle have also been described by the author. As the first consequence, the rational human would try to create a reality that involves simple models in which he acts and sustains. This simple model created by the rational man is not even approximately favorable to the model that real world has. In order to understand the rational humans behavior, says the author, one must comprehend the means that led to the creation of the simplified model. In this way, one can decipher the psychological traits of the human that pertain to his intellect, emotion and logical thinking. Foss and Weber (2016) argue that in the present form of transaction economics, bounded rationality principle takes a back seat giving way to opportunism. However, the authors also state that an augmented form of bounded reality does mitigate problems in transaction cost economy, while opportunism takes a back seat. In the second consequence of the bounded rationality principle, Simon explains that there has to be restrictions to human rationality otherwise; there would be no existence of administrative theory. Administrative theory rests in the fact that human rationality has practical limitations and these limitations are dynamic, depending upon the organizational setting where the individuals decisions occur. This paper explains the decision-making application on human minds rational behaviour which is used to formulate and solve any complex problems in the context of the real world. In explaining the concept of rationality by Simon, there is a need of examining rationality in terms of heuristics that are of four types. Availability, confirmation, bounded rationality and representativeness. It can be said that the theory of organization can never subsist without the rational choice of theory (Maitland Sammartino, 2015). It is best described to be intendedly rational which is based on two species that is entrepreneur and consumer. Heuristics are psychological decisions made by the individual to get solution of the most complicated problems. These factors help the individuals to make decisions faster but do not follow any regulations therefore have a lot of decision errors associated with the judgement conducted by the individuals. The rational behaviour relates to the decision making process based on the choices. These selections or choices are proved to be most beneficial for the individual though they do not always prove to be beneficial from monetary aspect. Simons research chiefly focus on the utility factor which can be emotional or other kind that assist people in their decisionmakingprocess. Simon has built his theories on these utility factors and described them in explaining common biases leading to judgmental error. Concepts explaining bias in decision-making Availability Heuristichas been a mentalshortcut which depends on immediate instances coming in the mind of the people while they evaluate some particular topics, concepts, methods as well as decision. In this context, the research states that the Availability Heuristicis heavily weighed by the people (Beach Lipshitz, 2017). For them, if something can be easily recalled, that it must be more important than the other alternative solutions because other solutions were not recalled at the time of necessity. It seems to the easiest way to form judgment for complex problems. These are basicallydone through percentage basis and probability basis. Due to this reason, these are not always accurate and lead to error in judgement. Therefore, it can be said that this kind of decision-making process is manipulative as people tend to use the readily available facts to found their beliefs hence completely biased. This concept illustrates that external manipulations anticipated to escalate the subj ective involvement of simplicity of remembrance are proved to affect the extent of recall (Shepherd, Williams Patzelt, 2015). In addition to this, these factors make the decision making process difficult to regulate the obtained approximations of likelihood or frequency. These are typicality based on the phenomenal experiences of people or on the biased samples of evoked information. The participants while making decision excessivelyrely on the various heuristics for aptitude and speed. Representative heuristic (RH) is important as it is very economical. At the time of decision making, there may be one of the two things identifiable in that case people definitely select the recognisable or known one. Here they utilize as well as reacha decision with the slightest amounts of information which they possess about the recognisable one. The research reveals that the recognized memory is perceptive, reliable and proved to be more accurate than the unknown one because even a smaller extent of recognition effects in more correct decisions (Montresor et al., 2015). In such cases, even a smaller amount of biasness can be present in judgement. Some people useadditional information simultaneously withusing their Representative Heuristics because they cannot rely only on the recognisable factors alone while making decision. According to Harrison, Mason and Smith (2015), Simons theorydefines Bounded rationality to create a way between the pre-established ends with the paths to reach the decided ways. It is explained as an assumption which points out the limits to the reasoning powers of the agents yet looks at the concept of judiciousness within the existing constraints (Toplak, West Stanovich, 2017). However, these have specifications in terms of value therefore, these are beyond the extent of science. The relation drawnby the factors of bounded reality between pre-established and desired goals, completely depends on theevaluation of the decision. This concept requires to point out all possible options, predicting of consequences followed by these possible options and finally measuring or evaluating all sets of options with consequences. From all these sets of alternative options including their consequences, one is selects in the decision making procedure. This concept has proved to be vital for any organisation, which requires proper acknowledgement of all the possible options. It also needs contemplation about the outcomes of the all alternative options and the valuation and measurement of the outcome of the consequences of each of the optionsbut in doing so it often makes biased decisions (Elbanna, Kapoutsis Mellahi, 2017). People often tend to make approximations which leads to fall towards the anchor parts whereas the real values tend to be far away from the primarily planted anchors. Through bounded rationality, it can overcome natural bias and ascribe to perfectly rational decisions. Conclusion Therefore, it can be concluded that the concept of rational behaviour gets biased by the human skills as well as limited knowledge. To achieve the essentialobjectives and decided goals, these conceptsby Simon are vital to be discussed. The notion of rational behaviour as associated biases described under the light of heuristics namely availability, representativeness and bounded awareness. These have been considered with the limitations of influences that are commonly external to human beings. The essay highlights these various concepts in the light of arguments from different scholars who have significant contributions to this domain. In addition, the essay presents a detailed discourse on the statement made by Herbert Simon on the principle of bounded rationality. He made a significant contribution to the world of decision-making by proposing this concept. The essay tries to establish a connection between heuristics and biases in decision-making by explaining Simons quote. A system atic approach has been maintained in the essay to explain the quote and the concepts related to it. Introduction The research conducted by Herbert Simon to delve into human cognition to dig out the possible reasons for biases in decision-making yielded fruitful results. However, it did not influence the community at large. He rejected the perfect rationality outright and invented a new principle of bounded rationality. His approach further accentuated the confines of the cognitive system, the transformation of practices due to proficiency, and the direct experimental study of cognitive processes included in decision-making (Matters, 2018). The report shall analyze the effectiveness of his principles and concepts by presenting scenarios of decision-making from the real world. Further, the report will examine the relevancy of Simons concepts of rationality by applying these to the given scenarios. In addition, it will analyze the methods used to recognize bias, the strategies to overcome these and improved decision-making in the future. The two scenarios chosen for the analysis include Volkswagen s disastrous decision to rig emission test and Motorolas negligence to trace market development. Scenarios of decision making from real world Launching a new product in the market could be a possible scenario where decision-making is crucial. It is vital for any company to carry out proper research and survey before launching a new product. The project managers role here becomes extremely important as he or she is the individual who has the responsibility to collect relevant information (York Danes, 2014). The manager has to take several critical decisions in order to ensure successful launch of the product. The launching of a new product involves complex processes beginning with marketing strategies. Development of a new product or technology involves decisions that are extremely unpredictable and demand ample strategic intercessions and productions (Sok O'Cass, 2015). Volkswagen, one of the largest car-selling companies in the world, decided to launch new cars providing low carbon emitting vehicles in 2015 for the American market Ferrell et al., (2016). The decision was made by the highermanagement without taking due consent or advice from the other team members. With a view to take over the US automobile market, the VW Company overlooked serious ethical issues. In 2015, it was found that the cars launched in the American market failed in emissions test. Reportedly, the automobile company illicitly installed a device that evaded emissions test required to meet the EPA standards. This massive breach of ethics cost the automotive giant heavily as it had to see the back of its former CEO Martin Winterkorn who was forced to resign, following the scandal (Reuters.com, 2018). The company was accused of following a culture of silence where the subordinates kept mum on the issue and allowed the top officials to make irrational decisions that led to the co mpanys inevitable downfall. Volkswagen rationalized its decision to rig emissions test by pointing out the extremely competitive market and the strategies to survive in it. The concept of bounded rationality helps explain this bias in decision-making by the VW officials. The company officials tried to rationalize their wrong decision by putting the blame on external factors like market competition and strategy for survival (Fortune.com, 2018). Another scenario that may explain bias in decision-making in the real world is that of Motorola, the cell phone manufacturing company. The company was high on profits with over 22% market share during the 2006-2007 periods (Albrecht, 2015). However, it failed to recognize the ongoing developments in the cell phone market and lagged behind in launching new brand of smart phones. By 2010, brands like Apple had already taken over the market leaving Motorola with no choice but sell its old phones at a low price. The decision to delay the launch resulted from the inability of themanagement team at Motorola to use information correctly. Recognizing bias Herbert Simon proposed the concept of satisficing, which is formed by combining the words satisfy and suffice to explain bias in decision-making. According to him, humans tend to look for options that are satisfactory enough to suffice their desire, without even trying to search through other viable options. In this way, they tend to make decisions that often yield unexpected and unwanted results. In technical terms, this concept refers to bounded awareness or bounded rationality. The concept is useful to explain the bias that occurred in the case of Volkswagen. The company had all the relevant information about the US market and its rules and regulations yet it decided to go ahead with the launch of low carbon emitting cars. The kind of bias that occurred in this decision-making scenario is anchoring bias. Montibeller and Winterfeldt (2015) define anchoring bias as fixation on initial information and inability to regulate for consequent information. Anchoring bias can be attributed to the concept of bounded rationality where individuals fail to notice valuable information. The case of Volkswagen can also be understood from the viewpoint of the availability concept. This explains that people take decisions based on the availability or ease of executing an idea (Taylor et al., 2017). Volkswagen targeted the US market, observing customers tendency to opt for vehicles that were affordable as well as environment friendly. They found it easier to lure the target market by claiming to produce cars with low carbon emissions. The decision to cheat emissions test by installing devices to evade EPA standards was a result of this availability heuristic. In case of Motorola, the bias that affected the decision-making process is the framing bias. Phillips et al., (2016) argues that framing bias in decisions occurs when individuals or companies fail to analyze developments in the market and make escalating commitments. Motorola made commitments to introduce advanced smart phones to meet the demands of the changing market dynamics but it was too late. Here, the concept of representativeness can be used to explain the bias. Representativeness refers to the choice made by people based on the similarities of behaviors or objects (Bordalo, Gennaioli Shleifer, 2017). However, they fail to realize that behaviors that represent something majorly do not always imply likelihood. The makers of Motorola mobile phones relied heavily on the customer behavior and thus paid the price. Methods by which bias may be measured or evaluated in the scenario Biases in decision-making occur frequently and none can evade or protect themselves from these biases. Aczel et al., (2015) present various methods to measure biases in decision-making. Precisely, the methods include individualized scores, constructing validity, motivation and comparability. In this case, the evaluation or measurement of bias is applied to two scenarios, one of Volkswagen and the other of Motorola. The Volkswagen case involved anchoring bias that prompted leaders to resort to unethical ways in order to attract profit. Individualized scores can be given to individuals at the company who were more susceptible to bias. Comparability refers to variations in vulnerability to bias in decision-making (Rezaei, 2015). The decision of employees at Volkswagen to stay silent on the issue despite knowing everything can be measured by this method. Decision-making biases at Motorola can be assessed by the method of constructing validity. People at Motorola suffered from framing bia s that can be measured by analyzing their behavior of neglecting ongoing developments by being over dependent on instincts (Morewedge et al, 2015). Strategies applied to overcome bias According to a report published in the Harvard Business Review, companies need to make five important steps to overcome bias. First is to comprehend the systematic errors that can occur while making decisions. Second, decide whether behavioral factors are the main causes of poor decisions. Third, identify the specific primary causes. Fourth, restructure the entire process to alleviate the biases and fifth, assess the solutions thoroughly (Hbr.org, 2018). Applying theses strategies can largely help organizations overcome biases while making decisions. Helfat and Peteraf (2015) are of the view that managers must possess the cognitive capacity to make decisions by sensing, seizing and reconfiguring the potential impact of change on organizations. A comprehensive study and research on the methods and strategies of decision-making can greatly help individuals overcome biases in decision-making in the future. This would in turn assist managers and leaders to make improved decisions that involve thorough analysis of all the factors of the surrounding. It is however important to mention that decisions will be biased no matter how careful individuals are while making those. It is because individuals do not possess the capability to be perfectly rational. It can be observed that the later decisions taken by the VW Company were the reflections of the outcomes of the previous decisions (Aurand et al., 2017). The culture of silence that was prevalent in the company and that nobody confessed about was brought to the fore by the new CEO, Matthias Mueller. Conclusion In view of the discussion above, it is imperative to state that Herbert Simons take on biases that affect decision-making process is concrete and can be applied to any situation. His rejection of perfect rationality was not accepted initially by many theorists, as they believed it to be unscientific. However, Simons bounded rationality principle did create ripples in the academic world concerning economics. The above report argues in favor of Simons concepts and principles while evaluating his statement on bounded rationality. In the report, focus has also been put on the three specific concepts namely availability, bounded awareness rationality and representativeness that explain bias in decision-making. Two real world scenarios Volkswagen diesel scandal and Motorolas product launch failure have been discussed to explain biases. Methods to measure bias have also been mentioned in the report. In addition, the report highlights the strategies that may help individuals overcome bias in future. References Aczel, B., Bago, B., Szollosi, A., Foldes, A., Lukacs, B. (2015). Measuring individual differences in decision biases: Methodological considerations.Frontiers in psychology,6, 1770. Albrecht, D. J. (2015). Product Standardization and Product Design Modularity: A Case Study of Motorola and the Mobile Handset Market.Browser Download This Paper. Aurand, T. W., Finley, W., Krishnan, V., Sullivan, U. Y., Bowen, J., Rackauskas, M., ... Willkomm, J. (2017). 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Sample Persuasive Essay on the Subject of Raising the Minimum Wage

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Why Cigarettes Should Be Banned essays

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A Complete List of Oprahs Book Club Selections

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